Table 3. Baseline Clinical Characteristics of the Eight Patients with Tourette Syndrome.

Subject	Sex	Age (Years)	Disease Duration (Years)	Tic Symptoms	Typical Waxing and Waning Course	Self- Injury	Comorbid Disorders	Family History	Living and Work Situation	Medication Before Surgery	Current Medication
1	M	48	45	Eye blinking, violent head jerks, throwing elbow against ribs, abdominal tensing, snapping, grunting, screeching, coprolalia	No	Yes, slamming forearm against forehead	OCD (mild to moderate), depression	No	Separated, employed part time	Haloperidol, pimozide, risperidone, clonidine, fluoxetine, clonazepam, pergolide	Haloperidol, fluoxetine gabapentin, tizanidine, diazepam, temazepam, aspirin
2 a	M	44	41	Eye movements, facial tics, head jerking and snapping, shoulder shrugs, grunting, throat clearing	Yes	Yes, skin picking	OCD (severe)	Yes	Unmarried, self-employed	Pimozide, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, clomipramine, clonazepam	Sertraline, clonazepam
3 b	M	37	27	Head and neck movements, body jerking, shifting body position, tongue movements, hand and arm tensing, bumping objects into teeth, toe curling, diaphragmatic dystonic tics limiting ability to breathe	No	No	OCD, attention-deficit disorder, anxiety symptoms	No	Unmarried, employed	Haloperidol, pimozide, clonidine, fluoxetine, sertraline, clonazepam	Clonidine, clonazepam,
4	M	42	38	Facial grimacing, flopping hands in front of face, pointing finger back and front, chest rubbing, grunting, yelling, whistling, curse words	No	No	OCD, history of ADHD	No	Unmarried, unemployed	Haloperidol, pimozide, clonazepam, methylphenidate	Clonazepam
5	M	24	15	Head jerks, snapping arm against side, kicking, licking items, head grabbing, copropraxia, loud screaming, sniffing	Yes	Yes, punching, hitting himself	OCD	Yes	Married, one child, unemployed	Haloperidol, pimozide, risperidone, fluphenazine, clonidine, fluvoxamine, imipramine, nortriptyline, clonazepam, pergolide	Clonazepam, quetiapine, zolpidem, topiramate, nicotine patches, ketamine, opiates
6	M	16	13	Eye blinking, head and shoulder jerking, head bobbing, flexion and extension of arms and fingers, spinning in place, throat clearing, coprolalia	Yes	No	ADHD	No	Unmarried, high-school student	Risperidone, aripiprazole, ziprasidone, sertraline, tetrabenazine, methylphenidate, topiramate	None
7	M	19	11	Dystonic posturing, exclusively left-sided tics and self-injurious behaviors such as poking left cornea and pulling on left eye lid, repeating single words or syllables	No	Yes poking left eye and pulling on left eye lid, left cheek biting	OCD, some symptoms of ADHD	No	Unmarried, unemployed	Haloperidol, risperidone, aripiprazole, fluphenazine, sertraline, clonazepam, tetrabenazine, guanfacine, topiramate, etanercept, N-acetyl cysteine	Haloperidol, clonazepam, clonidine, clonazepam, sertraline, carbamazepine
8	M	17	13	Atypical long bouts of severe tics (20 minutes to 1 hour) interspaced with long tic-free periods, tics include opening mouth wide, arm and shoulder movements, head and neck jerks, rapidly shaking head from side to side, gyrating head, arching back, flexion and extension of arms one side at a time	No	Yes, pounding of chest, punching forehead	OCD, mild depression, some symptoms of general anxiety disorder	Yes for OCD	Unmarried, student	Pimozide, risperidone, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, fluphenazine, clonidine, guanfacine, fluoxetine, clonazepam, topiramate	None

Abbreviations: ADHD, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; M, Male; OCD, Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder.

Positive family history: a first-degree (parent, sibling, child) or second-degree (grandparent, aunt, uncle, nephew, niece, half-sibling or a grandchild) relative with a chronic tic disorder. For additional clinical details, see Supplementary Materials.

^aThe electrodes removed due to side effect of infection.

^bThe electrodes removed due to a lack of therapeutic benefit.