Table 2.
Regions of significant functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation and deactivation in controls during working memory (WM)
| Coordinates (MNI) |
fMRI response |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | L/R | Cluster extent (voxels) | x | y | z | Comparison | t a | p-value |
| Activation | ||||||||
| Whole-brain analysis b | ||||||||
| Cerebellum/posterior lobe/brainstem | R | 2045 | 33 | −63 | −33 | 2-back > 0-back | 14.55 | 0.0001 |
| Ventral thalamus/globus pallidus | R | 583 | 18 | −12 | 0 | 2-back > 0-back | 13.00 | 0.0001 |
| Middle and inferior frontal gyrus (BA 6/45) |
R | 2071 | 30 | 3 | 51 | 2-back > 0-back | 4.81 | 0.0001 |
| Inferior frontal gyrus | R | 125 | 33 | 27 | −3 | 2-back > 0-back | 4.17 | 0.0001 |
| Superior parietal lobule (BA 7/40) | R | 1714 | 27 | −69 | 57 | 2-back > 0-back | 4.70 | 0.0001 |
| Frontopolar cortex/middle frontal gyrus (BA 10) |
L R |
80 200 |
−36 30 |
60 54 |
12 15 |
2-back > 0-back 2-back > 0-back |
4.24 4.05 |
0.0001 0.0001 |
| Region-of-interest analysis c | ||||||||
| Insula | L | 71 | −30 | 27 | 3 | 2-back > 0-back | 7.19 | 0.0001 |
| Cerebellar vermis | R | 79 | 3 | −57 | −15 | 2-back > 0-back | 9.50 | 0.0001 |
| L/R | 19 | 0 | −48 | −42 | 2-back > 0-back | 4.96 | 0.025 | |
| R | 363 | 6 | −30 | −12 | 2-back > 0-back | 4.72 | 0.0001 | |
| Deactivation | ||||||||
| Whole-brain analysis b | ||||||||
| Inferior parietal lobule (BA 40) | R | 644 | 57 | −30 | 36 | 0-back > 2-back | 14.44 | 0.0001 |
| Medial frontal gyrus (BA 10) / anterior cingulate (BA 32) |
L | 665 | −9 | 54 | 6 | 0-back > 2-back | 9.71 | 0.0001 |
| Paracentral lobule/anterior and posterior cingulate (BA 32/31) |
R | 221 | 3 | −12 | 48 | 0-back > 2-back | 7.68 | 0.0001 |
| Insula | L | 120 | −45 | −9 | 3 | 0-back > 2-back | 7.42 | 0.001 |
| Inferior parietal lobule (BA 40) | L | 187 | −66 | −33 | 33 | 0-back > 2-back | 6.54 | 0.0001 |
| Postcentral gyrus | R | 61 | 24 | −39 | 72 | 0-back > 2-back | 3.61 | 0.05 |
| Region-of-interest analysis c | ||||||||
| Orbitofrontal cortex (BA 11) | L | 21 | −3 | 33 | −21 | 0-back > 2-back | 4.70 | 0.024 |
| R | 29 | 3 | 36 | −21 | 0-back > 2-back | 6.43 | 0.010 | |
| Insula | R | 17 | 42 | 0 | 9 | 0-back > 2-back | 4.62 | 0.035 |
| Amygdala | L | 4 | −21 | −3 | −24 | 0-back > 2-back | 4.00 | 0.033 |
MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute Coordinate System.
Maximum voxel-wise t-value within the cluster of interest.
Whole-brain analysis: cluster-wise family-wise error (FWE)-corrected statistic (p < 0.05).
Region-of-interest analysis: for regions of interest defined a priori, the cluster-wise statistic was FWE-corrected for multiple comparisons within the a priori region, i.e., using anatomical masks created with the Wake Forest University PickAtlas Tool, or using a spherical mask defined around coordinates taken from the literature [i.e., the frontopolar cortex and orbitofrontal cortex as used in our previously published work in adult first-degree relatives of persons with bipolar disorder (13)].