Table 3.
In vivo studies of carbon-based or polymer/dendrimer NP by the oral exposure route
| Reference | Material (size) | Coating | Dose; duration | Species | Effects | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mori et al. (2006) | C60/C70 | CMC | 2,000 mg/kg | Rat (SD) | No toxicity-body weights | NR |
| Shinohara et al. (2009) | C60 (33–84 nm) | CMC | 22–88 mg/kg | Mice (Crl:CD1) | No genotoxicity-micronucleus test | NR |
| Takahashi et al. (2012) | C60 (pristine material 0.71 nm diameter, visible aggregates as dosed) | Corn oil | 10–100–1,000 mg/kg/d for 29 days, 14 day recovery | Rat (Crl:CD1) | No adverse effects; | not detected in liver, kidney, spleen |
| Folkmann (2009) | C60 (234–3,124 nm, as dosed) SWCNT (34–1015 nm, as dosed) | CMS | 0.064, 0.64 mg/kg | Rat (F344) | SWCNT: ↑ levels 8-oxodG in liver, lung but not colon at both doses; C60: ↑ levels 8-oxodG in liver both doses, lung only in high dose; no difference in corn oil or saline as vehicle (does not require dispersion to be absorbed); corn oil alone: more genotoxicity than particles | NR |
| Kolosnjan-Tabi et al. (2010) | SWCNT (1 nm diameter, 20 up to >2 um length) | Aqueous solution (no surfactant) | 1,000 mg/kg | Mouse (Swiss) | No behavioural or histological indications of toxicity (granulomas with IP administration) | NR |
| Philbrook (2011) | functionalised (–OH group) SWCNT (1–2 nm diameter, 5–30 um length) | Tracaganth gum | 10, 100 mg/kg at gest d9 | Mouse (CD-1) | 10 mg/kg: increased fetal resorption and fetal skeletal/ocular anomalies; 100 mg/kg: no alterations | NR |
| Szendi (2008) | SWCNT (<2 nm × 4–15 um); MWCNT (10–30 nm × 1–2 um) | Carbopol gel | 50 mg/kg, single dose | Rat (F344) | Only evaluated urinary mutagenicity – none detected | NR |
| Lim (2011) | MWCNT (CM-95, 10–15 nm diameter, 20 um length) | CMC | 8–40–200–1,000 mg/kg/d from gestational d6 to d19 | Rat (SD) | No differences in reproductive parameters; no change in parameters of renal oxidative damage; no clinical or biochemical effects apart from ↓ thymic wt in high dose; NOAEL: 200 mg/kg/d | NR |
| Bisht (2008) | polymers: 60:20:20N-isopropylacrylamide; methylmethacrylate; acrylic acid (< 100 nm) | - | 500 mg/kg | Mouse | No adverse effects, efficacy in rapamycin delivery in pancreatic cancer model | NR |