Fig. 1.

Different strategies for anti-tumour TLR3 activity. The direct effect of TLR3 ligands on PCa cells consists of tumour growth inhibition and cancer cell apoptosis (direct cancer cell death). Alternatively, engagement of TLR3 receptors, mainly expressed on the immune system cells, could result in immune-mediated tumour growth suppression (immune-mediated cell death). TLR3 ligands could stimulate their receptors both in cancer cells and in immune cells inhibiting tumour growth both directly and through the immune system (direct and immune-mediated cell death). Original cartoon.