The partner association indexes and the
:
ratios of simulated cooperating and cheating spatial communities were compared at different levels of localization of benefits. ‘Co&Ch’ communities had parameters similar to those in
Figure 3—figure supplement 2B (purple circles) and therefore had normal levels of spatial localization of benefits. In ‘Exc. release’ communities (brown squares), cooperators and partners released excessive amounts of adenine and lysine, respectively (200-fold higher compared to the original communities). Since the neighboring cells could not consume the released metabolites fast enough, the benefits no longer remained localized to the vicinity of the releasing cell. In ‘Inst. distr.’ cases (black diamonds), the diffusion coefficient in the community was assumed to be very large, such that any released metabolite was instantly distributed among all cells. When benefits were delocalized either because of excessive metabolite release or rapid distribution of metabolite throughout the community, self-organization was diminished (
A) and cooperators were disfavored compared to cheaters (
B). In all cases, cheaters had an 8% intrinsic fitness advantage over cooperators, and communities were not disturbed (i.e., cells were not repositioned). Error bars show the standard deviation of ratios in six independent communities. Sim: simulation.