Table 1.
Assessed parameter | Technique |
---|---|
DNA sequence | NGS |
DNA methylation | Microarrays, bisulfite treatment followed by NGS |
Chromatin states | ChIP followed by sequencing (ChIP-Seq) |
Exome sequence | NGS after capture of specific DNA regions using hybridization |
Levels of mRNA and mRNA splicing | Gene-expression arrays or high-throughput RNA sequencing |
Levels of microRNAs | Microarrays, quantitative PCR, or NGS |
Protein levels | LC–MS |
Protein–protein interactions | Co-immunoprecipitation followed by LC–MS |
Metabolite levels | LC–MS, NMR imaging |
Gut flora | PCR of ribosomal RNA regions followed by NGS |
Cellular processes | Imaging with reporter systems |
Clinical phenotypes (in vivo studies) | Imaging, multiplex immunoassays |
Abbreviations: ChIP, Chromatin immunoprecipitation; LC–MS, liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry; NGS, next-generation sequencing; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance.