Table 1.

High-throughput technologies in biology

Assessed parameter	Technique
DNA sequence	NGS
DNA methylation	Microarrays, bisulfite treatment followed by NGS
Chromatin states	ChIP followed by sequencing (ChIP-Seq)
Exome sequence	NGS after capture of specific DNA regions using hybridization
Levels of mRNA and mRNA splicing	Gene-expression arrays or high-throughput RNA sequencing
Levels of microRNAs	Microarrays, quantitative PCR, or NGS
Protein levels	LC–MS
Protein–protein interactions	Co-immunoprecipitation followed by LC–MS
Metabolite levels	LC–MS, NMR imaging
Gut flora	PCR of ribosomal RNA regions followed by NGS
Cellular processes	Imaging with reporter systems
Clinical phenotypes (in vivo studies)	Imaging, multiplex immunoassays

Abbreviations: ChIP, Chromatin immunoprecipitation; LC–MS, liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry; NGS, next-generation sequencing; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance.