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Schematic model for the stress response mediated by physiological polyamines. In response to diverse stresses, levels of physiological polyamines levels are up regulated by positive feedback regulation, which activates stress-related regulons represses general gene expression. AntiT, antitoxin; PP, polyphosphate; PPX, exopolyphosphatase; PPK, polyphosphate kinase; HSF, heat shock transcription factor; PAAXs, polyamine antiporters; XDCs, amino acid decarboxylases.