Table 3.
Crude and adjusted odds ratios for depressive symptoms (BDI-II > 13), according to boys’ and girls’ characteristics (Porto, Portugal 2003-2004) (n = 1,988).
| Girls | Boys | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |||||
| Characteristics | Crude | Adjusted ‡ | Crude | Adjusted ‡ | ||
| Family characteristics | ||||||
| Parents’ education, year | ||||||
| 0–6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 7–9 | 0.85 (0.55–1.33) | 0.89 (0.48–1.66) | 0.37 (0.16–0.84) | 0.27 (0.07–0.99) | ||
| 10–12 | 0.71 (0.46–1.10) | 0.71 (0.40–1.26) | 0.44 (0.22–0.89) | 0.33 (0.12–0.94) | ||
| ≥13 | 0.64 (0.41–0.99) | 0.79 (0.45–1.39) | 0.56 (0.29–1.07) | 0.60 (0.25–1.46) | ||
| Household | ||||||
| Both parents | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Mother/father/other | 1.17 (0.82–1.66) | 1.13 (0.66–1.94) | 1.68 (0.99–2.85) | 1.09 (0.39–3.04) | ||
| Parents’ depression | ||||||
| None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| At least 1 parent | 1.41 (0.91–2.20) | 1.42 (0.90–2.22) | 2.10 (0.98–4.53) | 2.18 (1.00–4.74) | ||
| Do not know | 0.93 (0.45–1.93) | 0.88 (0.42–1.85) | 1.20 (0.33–4.36) | 1.00 (0.27–3.71) | ||
| Individual characteristics | ||||||
| Age at menarche, year | ||||||
| Pre-menarche | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≥13 | 1.35 (0.71–2.55) | 2.89 (1.02–8.22) | ||||
| 12 | 1.67 (0.95–2.93) | 3.59 (1.36–9.51) | ||||
| 11 | 1.80 (1.00–3.25) | 4.12 (1.51–11.21) | ||||
| ≤10 | 2.84 (1.45–5.56) | 6.07 (2.00–18.46) | ||||
| BMI † | ||||||
| <p85 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≥p85 & <p95 | 0.76 (0.48–1.20) | 0.66 (0.35–1.24) | 0.68 (0.33–1.41) | 0.66 (0.22–1.97) | ||
| ≥p95 | 1.20 (0.72–2.01) | 0.85 (0.38–1.90) | 0.66 (0.28–1.57) | 0.49 (0.11–2.15) | ||
| Behaviours | ||||||
| Sleeping duration, h | ||||||
| 8.5–9.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≥9.5 | 1.17 (0.78–1.75) | 0.94 (0.55–1.60) | 1.62 (0.81–3.26) | 2.36 (0.89–6.26) | ||
| ≤8.5 | 1.36 (0.92–2.01) | 1.11 (0.67–1.84) | 1.47 (0.70–3.12) | 1.74 (0.63–4.78) | ||
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Ever | 2.45 (1.77–3.40) | 2.57 (1.65–4.01) | 1.76 (1.02–3.04) | 1.43 (0.61–3.37) | ||
| Drinking alcohol | ||||||
| Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Ever | 1.43 (1.03–1.97) | 1.52 (0.97–2.37) | 1.16 (0.71–1.89) | 1.35 (0.62–2.92) | ||
| Physical exercise | ||||||
| Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≤1 time/week | 0.69 (0.42–1.14) | 0.61 (0.31–1.22) | 0.48 (0.18–1.26) | 0.52 (0.11–2.50) | ||
| 2–3 times/week | 0.87 (0.58–1.30) | 0.93 (0.54–1.62) | 0.63 (0.34–1.17) | 1.00 (0.36–2.79) | ||
| ≥4 times/week | 0.51 (0.21–1.22) | 0.67 (0.22–2.02) | 1.58 (0.83–3.00) | 2.59 (0.89–7.54) | ||
Abbreviations: BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CI, confidence interval. † BMI was classified according to the age- and sex- specific BMI percentiles, elaborated by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ‡ OR estimates adjusted for parent’s education and parent’s depression.