Table 1. Patient characteristics.
| Characteristics | n = 139 |
| Age, y | 58.3±20.8 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 91(65.5%) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.4±6.3 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 28(20.1%) |
| Hyperlipemia, n (%) | 18 (12.9%) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 56 (40.3%) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 11 (7.9%) |
| Peripheral vascular diseases, n (%) | 1 (0.7%) |
| Thyroid disease, n (%) | 8 (5.8%) |
| Cardiomyopathy | 7 (5%) |
| Coronary artery disease | 20 (14.4%) |
| Valvular heart disease | 85 (61.2%) |
| Previous PCI | 7 (5%) |
| Previous PBMV | 4 (2.9%) |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 0 (0%) |
| Previous stroke, n (%) | 9 (6.5%) |
| Pacemaker | 3 (2.2%) |
| AF type, n (%) | |
| Paroxysmal | 108 (77.7%) |
| Persistent | 17 (12.2%) |
| Long-standing persistent | 14 (10.1%) |
| Total duration of AF, months | 48 (1-360) |
| Previous CA, n (%) | 7 (5%) |
| NYHA function class, n (%) | |
| I | 33 (23.7%) |
| II | 100 (71.9%) |
| III | 6 (4.3%) |
| Preoperative medication, n (%) | |
| Aspirin | 9 (6.5%) |
| Warfarin | 4 (2.9%) |
| β-blocker | 22 (15.8%) |
| ACEI | 41 (29.5%) |
| ARB | 9 (6.5%) |
| Digitalis | 5 (3.6%) |
| Amiodarone | 102 (73.4%) |
| Propafenone | 1 (0.7%) |
| LVEF | 63.5±15.3 |
| LA diameter, cm | 40.1±12.5 |
ACEI = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; AF = atrial fibrillation; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; CA = catheter ablation; CCB = calcium channel blocker; LA = left atrium; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA = New York Heart Association; PBMV = percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty; PCI = percutanous coronary intervention.