Table 1.
Univariate activity during new language processing.
| MAL > Baseline, all learners (n = 20) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coordinates (at peak) | |||||||
| Lobe | Activation region | Hemisphere/Brodmann area | x | y | z | t-score | P-value |
| EP LEARNERS, n = 10 | |||||||
| Frontal | Middle frontal gyrus | L46 | −48 | 22 | 28 | 8.94 | 0.00005 |
| Middle frontal gyrus | L9 | −44 | 4 | 40 | 11.2 | 0.00005 | |
| Inferior frontal gyrus | L44 | −50 | 6 | 12 | 9.8 | 0.00005 | |
| Precentral gyrus | L4 | −46 | −8 | 50 | 13.03 | 0.00005 | |
| Insula | L | −32 | 24 | 12 | 9.19 | 0.00005 | |
| Medial frontal gyrus | L32 | −14 | 22 | 36 | 6.73 | 0.0001 | |
| Superior frontal gyrus | R10 | 32 | 48 | 28 | 8.33 | 0.00005 | |
| Anterior cingulate gyrus | R32 | 12 | 32 | 28 | 11.48 | 0.00005 | |
| Insula | R | 36 | 28 | 4 | 7.32 | 0.00005 | |
| Superior temporal gyrus | R38 | 52 | 16 | −8 | 11.72 | 0.00005 | |
| Temporal | Superior temporal gyrus | R22 | 62 | −20 | −2 | 7.08 | 0.00005 |
| Superior temporal gyrus | L42 | −54 | −36 | 14 | 10.05 | 0.00005 | |
| Transverse temporal gyrus | L41 | −64 | −16 | 10 | 6.39 | 0.0001 | |
| Parietal | Precuneus | R7 | 10 | −74 | 42 | 10.95 | 0.00005 |
| Occipital | Lingual gyrus | R17 | −2 | −92 | −4 | 9.24 | 0.00005 |
| Lingual gyrus | L17 | −8 | −60 | −4 | 11.58 | 0.00005 | |
| Other | Lentiform nucleus | L | −24 | 20 | −2 | 15.59 | 0.00005 |
| Lentiform nucleus | R | 20 | 16 | −6 | 10.52 | 0.00005 | |
| Midbrain | R | 8 | −18 | −14 | 10.21 | 0.00005 | |
| Midbrain | R | 8 | −18 | −14 | 10.21 | 0.00005 | |
| NEP LEARNERS, n = 10 | |||||||
| Frontal | Inferior frontal gyrus | L45 | −26 | 36 | 8 | 7.97 | 0.00005 |
| Middle frontal gyrus | L46 | −46 | 26 | 30 | 7.93 | 0.00005 | |
| Precentral gyrus | L6 | −58 | 2 | 30 | 7.97 | 0.00005 | |
| Precentral gyrus | L4 | −32 | −28 | 58 | 10.14 | 0.00005 | |
| Insula | L | −32 | 18 | 10 | 7.17 | 0.00005 | |
| Superior frontal gyrus | L6 | −4 | 6 | 60 | 15.35 | 0.00005 | |
| Middle frontal gyrus | R46 | 42 | 36 | 30 | 8.35 | 0.00005 | |
| Middle frontal gyrus | R9 | 52 | 26 | 40 | 6.46 | 0.0005 | |
| Inferior frontal gyrus | R45 | 38 | 22 | 8 | 7.32 | 0.00005 | |
| Superior frontal gyrus | R8 | 2 | 16 | 58 | 7.75 | 0.00005 | |
| Insula | R | 34 | 22 | 6 | 9.16 | 0.00005 | |
| Superior temporal gyrus | L41 | −54 | −30 | 8 | 12.44 | 0.00005 | |
| Temporal | Superior temporal gyrus | R41 | 48 | −32 | 10 | 8.45 | 0.00005 |
| Superior temporal gyrus | R42 | 60 | −14 | 12 | 9.46 | 0.00005 | |
| Superior parietal lobule | L7 | −28 | −66 | 48 | 8.23 | 0.00005 | |
| Parietal | Postcentral gyrus | L1 | −52 | −26 | 56 | 8.00 | 0.0001 |
| Inferior parietal lobule | R40 | 40 | −48 | 44 | 8.35 | 0.00005 | |
| Middle occipital gyrus | R19 | 28 | −96 | 14 | 12.24 | 0.00005 | |
| Occipital | Cuneus | L18 | 6 | −76 | 12 | 8.07 | 0.00005 |
In this and all other table presenting univariate data, regions are listed where period-specific parameter estimates were significantly greater than baseline (with a t statistic of 3 with a minimum contiguous cluster size to 10 voxels) across scan times.