TABLE 2.

Effects of Preimplantation Stress on Embryo Development in Animals, with Selected References

Stressor	Model	Impact	Reference
Culture medium	Mouse	Impaired development, altered ICM:TE number and ratio, modified metabolism, changes to gene expression/imprinted loci	(Gardner and Leese, 1988; Lane and Gardner, 2000; Rinaudo and Schultz, 2004; Giritharan et al., 2012; Schwarzer et al., 2012)
pH	Mouse	Impaired development, modified metabolism, changes to gene expression	(Edwards et al., 1998a, b; Lane and Gardner, 2003)
IVF	Mouse	Impaired development, altered ICM:TE number and ratio, changes to gene expression/imprinted loci	(Giritharan et al., 2007)
ICSI	Mouse	Impaired development, altered ICM:TE number and ratio, changes to gene expression/imprinted loci	(Giritharan et al., 2010)
Oxygen tension	Mouse	Impaired development, altered ICM:TE number and ratio, changes to gene expression/imprinted loci	(Rinaudo et al., 2006)
Culture dish elasticity	Mouse	Different developmental velocity, altered ICM:TE number and ratio, changes to gene expression	(Rinaudo et al., 2006)
Endocrine disruption	Mouse	Different developmental velocity	(Takai et al., 2001)
Maternal diet	Rat	Altered ICM:TE number and ratio	(Kwong et al., 2000)
Tobacco	Rat	Developmental delay	(Tachi and Aoyama, 1989)