TABLE 3.

Selected Evidence from Animal Models of Long-Term Effects Observed after Preimplantation Stress

Impact	Stressor	Reference
Impaired placentation and fetal growth	Embryo culture	(Bloise et al., 2012)
	IVF	(Delle Piane et al., 2010)
Reduced Birthweight	Maternal diet	(Kwong et al., 2000)
Altered Behavior (anxiety)	Embryo culture	(Fernandez-Gonzalez et al., 2004; Ecker et al., 2004)
Alteration of imprinted/epigenetic loci	Embryo culture	(Fernandez-Gonzalez et al., 2004)
Altered growth curves	Maternal diet	(Kwong et al., 2000; Watkins et al., 2008)
Hypertension	Maternal diet	(Kwong et al., 2000; Watkins et al., 2007)
Glucose intolerance	IVF and in vitro culture	(Rinaudo et al., 2009; Scott et al., 2010)