Table 1.
Experimental Trials of Cardioprotective Interventions
| Proposed Mediator/Effector | Species | Dose or Protocol | Infarct Size reduction | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reduction of lactate/swelling (Ischemic preconditioning) | multiple | 4 × [5 min Ischemia + 5 min Reperfusion] | ~40% | 1 Murry et al. Circ, 1986 |
| Calcium channel blockers | dog | 0.01 mg/kg/min i.c. | 28% | 36 Lo et al. Am J Cardiol, 1985 |
| 10–20 μg/kg/min i.c. | 28–33% | 37 Higginson et al. JACC, 1991 | ||
| Free radical scavengers | rabbit | 60,000 U in perfusion buffer | n/a (dec. EPR signal) | 30 Zweier et al. JCI, 1987 |
| dog | 1 mg/kg i.v. | 46% | 29 Simpson et al. JCI, 1988 | |
| Adenosine | dog | 3.75 mg/min 60 min i.c. reperfusion | 31% | 28 Olafsson et al. Circ 1987 |
| dog | 0.15 mg/kg/ml/min i.c. 60 min + lidocaine | 27% | 27 Homeister et al. Circ 1990 | |
| dog | 0.15 mg/kg/min i.v. | 18% | 26 Pitarys et al. Circ 1991 | |
| Na+/Ca2+ exchange inhibitors | dog | 3/30 μg/kg/hr i.v. | 51/71% | 42 Kawasumi et al. J Pharm Sci, 2007 |
| rat | genetic KO of NCX | 42% | 43 Imahashi et al. Circ Res, 2005 | |
| Na+/H+ exchange inhibitors | rat | 40 μm/ml | 44% inc. in LVPD | 41 Karmazyn Am J Physiol, 1988 |
| rabbit | 5 μM | 91% dec. in CK release | 40 Liu et al. J Cardiovasc Pharm, 2010 | |
| Endothelial function (Ischemic post conditioning) | dog | 3×30 sec IR | 11% | 2 Zhao et al. Am J Physiol Heart Circ, 2003 |
| Nitrite | mice | 48 nmol LV cavity | 67% | 44 Duranski et al. JCI, 2005 |
| mice | 50 mg/liter PO suppl. | 48% | 45 Bryan et al. PNAS, 2007 |