Table 2.

Clinical Trials of Cardioprotective Interventions

Proposed Mediator/Effector	Trials	Dose or Protocol	Endpoint	Reference
Adenosine	AMISTAD	70 μg/kg/min for 3 h	33% decrease in MI size	59 Mahaffey et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999
	AMISTAD II	70 μg/kg/min for 3 h	67% decrease in MI size	60 Ross et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005
Nicorandil (K-ATP opener)	J-WIND	67 μg/kg bolus, and 1.67 μg/kg/min for 2–4 h	no effect on MI size	62 Kitakaze et al. Lancet 2007
Atrial natriuretic peptide	J-WIND	.025 μg/kg/min for 3 d	14.7% decrease in MI size	62 Kitakaze et al. Lancet 2007
NHE inhibitors (eniprode)	ESCAMI	50, 100, 150, 200 mg	no effect	63 Zeymer et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001
(cariporide)	GUARDIAN	20, 80, 120 mg	25% risk reduction (120 mg)	64 Boyce et al. J Thor Cardiovasc Surg 2003
(cariporide)	EXPEDITION	180 mg (initial dose)	fewer MIs, more CVAs	65 Mentzer et al. Annals Thor Surg 2008
Inflammation (anti-CD18 Ab)	LIMIT AMI	.5 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg	no effect	69 Baran et al. Circ 2001
(anti-CD11/CD18 Ab)	HALT-MI	3 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg	no effect	70 Faxon et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002
(antibody to C5)	NCT00091637	2 mg/kg bolus	no effect	71 Armstrong et al. JAMA 2007
Remote Preconditioning	NCT00397163	3 × 5 min arm ischemia	reduced troponin release	72 Hausenloy et al. Lancet 2007
	NCT00397163	3 × 5 min arm ischemia	reduced troponin release	73 Venugopal et al. Heart 2009
	NCT00435266	4 × 5 min arm ischemia	salvage increased	74 Botker et al. Lancet 2010
Postconditioning	30 patients	4 × 1 min ischemia	reduced CK release	77 Staat et al. Circ 2005
	38 patients	4 × 1 min ischemia	improved EF	78 Thibault et al. Circ 2008
	43 patients	4 × 30 sec ischemia	smaller MI, better function	79 Garcia et al. J Cardiovasc Trans Res 2011
	CT20080014	4 × 1 min ischemia	no effect	80 Sorensson et al. Heart 2010
	79 patients	4 × 1 min ischemia	no effect	81 Freixa et al. Eur Heart J 2012
Cyclosporine	58 patients	2.5 mg/kg	Decrease in MI size	82 Piot et al. NEJM 2008