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. 2013 Oct 24;2013:187873. doi: 10.1155/2013/187873

Figure 5.

Figure 5

LHVS suppresses the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) in the ipsilateral cortex at 24 h after traumatic brain injury (TBI). (a) IL-1β concentration was increased significantly in the TBI and TBI + vehicle groups compared with that in the sham group. Pretreatment with LHVS significantly attenuated IL-1β levels in the ipsilateral cortex compared with vehicle pretreatment. (b) TNF-α concentration was increased significantly in the TBI and TBI + vehicle groups compared with that in the sham group. Pretreatment with LHVS significantly attenuated TNF-α levels in the ipsilateral cortex compared with vehicle pretreatment. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6). ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01 versus sham group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 versus TBI + vehicle group.