Fig. 3.

Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of the 92 plots before (open symbols) and after (closed symbols) the moth outbreak. While the two dwarf shrub communities show marked shifts along the 2nd axis, the low-herb community shows only non-directional shifts in the same magnitude as the reference plots. Black lines connect the before-after ordination scores of plots located within the outbreak range, while dotted lines connect the before-after score of reference plots located outside the outbreak range. Stress value of the three-dimensional solution: 0.14