Table 3.
Studies evaluating the effect of anthocyanins on hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis in vivo.
| Paper | Anthocyanin | Food | Model | Metabolic effects | Molecular effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 48 | Anthocyanin factor | Sweet potato | Mice fed HFD | ⇓ weight gain ⇓ steatosis |
⇑ pAMPK and pACC ⇓ Srepb1c, FAS, ACC |
| 49 | Cyaniding-3-O-β-glucoside | — | KKAy mice | ⇓ steatosis | ⇓ GPAT1 translocation to OMM |
| 51 | Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside | — | db/db mice |
⇑ antioxidants (GSH) ⇓ steatosis, ROS, and inflammation |
⇑ PKA and CREB |
| 55 | Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside | Blackcurrant | Rats |
⇓ steatosis ⇓ hepatic saturated FAs ⇑ antioxidants |
? |
| 56 | Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside | — | C57Bl/6 on HFD and db/db |
⇓ glucose and IR ⇓ cytokines and adipose tissue inflammation ⇓ steatosis |
⇓ hepatic JNK ⇓ hepatic FOXO1 activity and gluconeogenesis |
| 57 | Several | Tart cherry | Dahl Salt-Sensitive rat |
⇓ fasting glucose ⇓ hyperlipidemia ⇓ hyperinsulinemia ⇓ steatosis |
⇑ PPARα
⇑ acyl-coenzyme A oxidase |
| 58 | — | Vitis coignetiae Pulliat leaves (yama-budo) | Rats on HFD choline deficient diet |
⇓ liver enzymes and liver fibrosis ⇓ CYP2E1 ⇑ antioxidants |
? |
| 59 | Several | Moro orange juice | C57Bl/6 mice on HFD |
⇓ weight gain ⇓ IR, ⇓ TGs, ⇓ steatosis |
⇓ LXR, FAS ⇑ PPARα, Srebp1c |
| 27 | Several | Wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) | Zucker rats | ⇓ hyperlipidemia |
⇑ PPARα
⇓ Srebp1c |
| 60 | — | Blueberry | Zucker rats on HFD |
⇓ IR and lipids ⇓ adiposity ⇓ steatosis |
⇑ PPARα
|
| 61 | — | Mulberry | Hamsters on HFD |
⇓ weight gain and visceral fat, ⇓ TGs, chol, FFAs ⇓ steatosis |
⇓ HMG-CoA, FAS ⇑ PPARα, CPT-1 |
| 62 | Several | Elderberry | Hamsters fed high fat fish oil |
⇓ serum lipids ⇓ steatosis ⇓ lipoperoxidation |
? |
| 63 | — | Mulberry | Rats on HFD |
⇓ serum lipids ⇓ hepatic and serum lipoperoxidation |
⇑ antioxidants |
HFD: high fat diet; IR: insulin resistance; TGs: triglycerides; LXR: liver X receptor; FAS: fatty acid synthase; GAPT1: glycerol 3 phosphate acyl transferase; PPARα: peroxisomes proliferator activated receptor α; chol: cholesterol; FFAs: free fatty acids; CPT-1: carnitine-palmitoyl-transferase-1; HMG-CoA red: 3-hydroxymethyl-3-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase; p: phospho; AMPK: adenosine monophoshopate protein kinase; Srebp1c: sterol regulated element binding protein 1c; ACC: acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; FOXO1: forkhead box O1.