Figure 4.

Putative pathways involved in HNE detoxification. The conjugation of HNE with glutathione by GST is the main step of detoxification. The renewal of cellular GSH pool is dependent on cysteine content, regulation by xCT. The oxidation pathway via ALDHs family is supposed to be activated when stress is moderate. The reduction pathway with AKRs family is thought to be activated in case of acute stress. DHN: 1,4-dihydroxy-2-nonene; HNA: 4-hydroxynonenoic acid; AOR: aldehyde oxydoreductase; AKR: aldo-keto reductase; GST: glutathione S-transferase; ALDH: aldehyde dehydrogenase; xCT: cystine transporter; MRP: multidrug-resistant protein; RLIP76: RalA-binding protein 16 encoded 76-kDa splice variant; and Trx1: thioredoxine reductase 1