Figure 5.

Summary of cell fate upon HNE exposure. When a cell is exposed to a low dose of HNE, HNE can be removed by detoxification processes and the viability is not compromised. Upon a high dose of HNE, the response will depend on the capacity of the cell to eliminate HNE by detoxification. This capacity is controlled by three parameters: the cell type, the antioxidant defense (notably Nrf2) and the energetic adaptability. If the damages are important, the cells can only ‘subsist' by autophagy; senescence or cell cycle arrest. Otherwise, cell death is induced according to different pathways like apoptosis, necrosis or atypical cell death, sum up as ‘cell sabotage'. Chemopreventive strategies can directly target the detoxification process to eliminate HNE or directly prevent its formation. Nrf2: nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2