Figure 1.

HIV-1 gp120 and MA increase oxidative stress in time-dependent manner. SVGA astrocytes were seeded at 2.75 × 10⁵ per well in 12-well plates and treated with appropriate agents. The cells were then washed two times with PBS and incubated with 5 μM solution of H₂DC-FDA for 30 min at 37 °C. This was followed by two washes with PBS and fluorescence intensity was measured using flow cytometer. (a) Cells were transfected with 2 μg of plasmid expressing gp120 for 5 h using Lipofectamine 2000 followed by replacement of the transfection mix with complete medium. ROS was measured after 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after transfection. (b) Cells were treated with 200 μM of recombinant gp120 IIIB and ROS was measured after 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after the treatment. (c) Cells were treated at varying concentrations of gp120IIIB and ROS was measured after 24 h of exposure. (d) Cells were treated with different concentrations of MA and ROS was measured after 24 h of exposure. (e) Cells were treated with 500 μM MA and ROS was measured. The bars represent mean±S.E. of at least two independent experiments with each treatment in triplicates. The P-value ≤0.05 (*) and ≤0.01 (**) were considered statistically significant using two-tailed Student's t-test