Table 1.
Characteristics of the subjects and concentrations of cadmium and renal markers
| Variables | Men | Women | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 260) | (N = 440) | (N = 700) | |
| Age (years) | 55.6 ± 14.0 | 53.1 ± 12.7 | 54.0 ± 13.2 |
| Weight (kg) | 54.7 ± 10.0 | 51.3 ± 10.6 | 52.6 ± 10.5 |
| Height (cm) | 160.7 ± 5.9 | 151.1 ± 5.1 | 154.6 ± 7.1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.1 ± 3.1 | 22.5 ± 4.2 | 22.0 ± 3.1 |
| Duration of residence (years) | 54.1 ± 15.0 | 52.5 ± 13.3 | 53.1 ± 14.0 |
| Never smoked (N) | 16 (6.2%) | 216 (49.1%) | 232 (33.1%) |
| Ex-smokers (N) | 86 (33.1%) | 118 (26.8%) | 204 (29.1%) |
| Occasional smokers (N) | 19 (7.3%) | 20 (4.5%) | 39 (5.6%) |
| Regular smokers (N) | 139 (53.4%) | 86 (19.6%) | 225 (32.2%) |
| Blood cadmium (μg/L) | 6.7 (1.0) | 4.9 (2.0) | 5.5 (2.0) |
| Urinary cadmium (μg/gCr) | 6.3 (1.8) | 7.0 (1.9) | 6.7 (1.9) |
| KIM-1 (pg/gCr) | 860 (2.3) | 1050 (2.2) | 974.8 (2.3) |
| NAG (U/gCr) | 5.3 (1.9) | 5.7 (1.9) | 5.5 (1.9) |
| β2-MG (μg/gCr) | 367 (9.5) | 184 (6.1) | 237.9 (7.5) |
N: number of subjects; BMI: body mass index; μg/L: microgram per liter; μg/gCr: microgram per gram creatinine; pg/gCr: picogram per gram creatinine; U/gCr: unit per gram creatinine; KIM-1: Kidney injury molecule-1; NAG: N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase; β2-MG: β2−microglobulin; values of cadmium and renal markers represent geometrical mean (geometrical standard deviation).