Table 1.
Remission rate (in %) and duration and response (change in Cleveland Clinic score) by treatment group and trial quality for control, biofeedback, electrical stimulation, and combination of BF and ES
| Remission | CCS | Quality | Treatment | Cases | Trial | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [%] | Duration | change | ||||
| 54 | 1 month | −7 | high | AM-MF ES + BF (EMG) | 40 | Schwandner 2011 [72] |
| 42 | 1 month | −8 | high | AM-MF ES + BF (EMG) | 79 | Schwandner 2010 [11] |
| 75 | – | – | moderate | LFS + BF (EMG) + PFE | 20♀ | Fynes 1999 [73] |
| 27 | – | −2 | low | LFS + BF (EMG) + PFE | 30♀ | Mahony 2004 [74] |
| 0 | – | −5.5 | low | LFS + BF (EMG) | 24 | Healy 2006 [16] |
| 20 | 1 month | −5 | high | BF (EMG) | 79 | Schwandner 2010 [11] |
| 8 | 39 | cured | 1 week | – | moderate | BF (EMG) + PFE + Edu | 42 | Norton 2003 [18] |
| 4 | 39 | cured | 1 week | – | moderate | BF (balloon) + PFE + Edu | 49 | Norton 2003 [18] |
| 44 | 1 week | – | moderate | BF (balloon) + PFE + Edu | 45 | Heymen 2009 [14] |
| 35 | – | – | moderate | BF (balloon) + PFE | 20♀ | Fynes 1999 [73] |
| 19 | 1 month | −6.5 | low | BF (balloon) + PFE | 72 | Bartlett 2011 [71] |
| 54 | 1 week | – | low | BF (balloon) + Edu | 11♀ | Ilnyckyj 2005 [75] |
| ≥40 | 1 week | – | low | BF (EMG) + ST + Edu | 10 | Heymen 2000 [76] |
| ≥20 | 1 week | – | low | BF (EMG) + Edu | 10 | Heymen 2000 [76] |
| ≥20 | 1 week | – | low | BF (EMG) + ST + Edu | 10 | Heymen 2000 [76] |
| 20 | 1 week | – | low | BF (EMG) + Edu | 10 | Heymen 2000 [76] |
| 20 | – | −2 | low | BF (EMG) + PFE | 30♀ | Mahony 2004 [74] |
| 4 | – | −1 | low | BF (EMG) | 24♀ | Naimy 2007 [70] |
| 0 | 39 | cured | 1 week | – | moderate | PFE + Edu | 43 | Norton 2003 [18] |
| 0 | 39 | cured | 1 week | – | moderate | Edu | 37 | Norton 2003 [18] |
| 0 | cured | – | moderate | LFS (Sham) + PFE | 43 | Norton 2005 [78] |
| 21 | 1 week | – | moderate | PFE + Edu | 63 | Heymen 2009 [14] |
| 41 | 1 week | – | low | Edu | 12♀ | Ilnyckyj 2005 [75] |
| 0 | 1 month | +1 | high | LFS | 40 | Schwandner 2011 [72] |
| 2 | cured | – | moderate | LFS + PFE | 47 | Norton 2005 [78] |
| 4 | – | −4.8 | low | LFS | 24 | Healy 2006 [16] |
| 0 | – | −1 | low | LFS | 25♀ | Naimy 2007 [70] |
AM-MF ES amplitude-modulated medium-frequency stimulation, + plus, BF biofeedback, EMG electromyography, – not reported, LFS low-frequency electrical stimulation, PFE pelvic floor exercises, ♀ recent mothers, Edu education, ST sensory training, BF biofeedback, ES electrical stimulation, ES + BF combination of BF and ES