Table 1.

Actions map for a patient encounter and their cognitive schemes

Step	Clinical action	Scheme/cognitive aid
1	Gather information (history and physical)	–
2	Propose a diagnosis	Pattern-recognition hypothetico-deductive strategies and smart heuristics, rule-out worst scenario, red flags, etc.
3	Differential diagnosis	Differential diagnosis cognitive aids: anatomical, physiological, pathological
4	Order tests (rationally)	Frugal heuristics probability assessment: test sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios
5	Confirm and comprehensively give a diagnostic label	Guideline-friendly bedside diagnosis, aetiology, severity (BESD)
6	Therapeutic interventions	Contextual, patient-centred therapeutic cognitive aid: site of care, symptomatic, supportive, specific and speciality referral (5S)
7	Prepare for discharge	Assess response to treatment (subjective and objective), criteria for discharge, timing of follow-up (ACT)