Visual representations of the major dMRI analysis methods that are currently in use. Clockwise from top left: manual selection of regions of interest (ROI); automated tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) aligns a combined fractional anisotropy map on an FA skeleton; tractography involves tract reconstruction based on orientation and magnitude of diffusion, after which probabilities of connectivity can be analyzed; automated voxel-based analysis registers diffusion maps into a standard space. (With permission from: Prodoehl J, Li H, Planetta PJ, Goetz CG, Shannon KM, Tangonan R et al. Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Parkinson’s Disease, Atypical Parkinsonism, and Essential Tremor. Movement disorders: official journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2013 May 14. doi: 10.1002/mds.25491 [19]; Zheng Z, Shemmassian S, Wijekoon C, Kim W, Bookheimer SY, Pouratian N. DTI correlates of distinct cognitive impairments in Parkinson’s disease. Human brain mapping. 2013. doi:10.1002/hbm.22256 [21]; Saini J, Bagepally BS, Bhatt MD, Chandran V, Bharath RD, Prasad C et al. Diffusion tensor imaging: tract based spatial statistics study in essential tremor. Parkinsonism & related disorders. 2012;18(5):477–82. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.01.006 [73]; Argyelan M, Carbon M, Niethammer M, Ulug AM, Voss HU, Bressman SB et al. Cerebellothalamocortical connectivity regulates penetrance in dystonia. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2009;29(31):9740–7. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2300-09.2009 [27]; Wang HC, Hsu JL, Leemans A. Diffusion tensor imaging of vascular parkinsonism: structural changes in cerebral white matter and the association with clinical severity. Archives of neurology. 2012;69(10):1340–8. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2012.633 [102]; and Zhang K, Yu C, Zhang Y, Wu X, Zhu C, Chan P, Li K. Voxel-based analysis of diffusion tensor indices in the brain in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Radiol. 2011 Feb;77(2):269–73. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.07.032. Epub 2009 Aug 18 [107].)