Table 1.
Characteristics of groups according to gender
| Characteristic | Less healthy group (n = 301) | Healthy group (n = 131) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | P value | Men | Women | P value | |
| N | 147 | 154 | 64 | 67 | ||
| Age (years) | 40.8 ± 10.8 | 39.1 ± 9.5 | 0.167 | 37.9 ± 11 | 34.2 ± 7.9 | 0.03 |
| Weight (kg) | 63.9 ± 13 | 64.9 ± 13.1 | 0.495 | 63.0 ± 10.8 | 61.9 ± 10.2 | 0.547 |
| Height (cm) | 167.7 ± 7.5 | 160.5 ± 7.2 | <0.001 | 167.9 ± 7.5 | 162.0 ± 6.5 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 3.6 | 25.1 ± 4.6 | <0.001 | 22.3 ± 2.8 | 23.5 ± 3.4 | 0.021 |
| WC (cm) | 75.0 ± 10.9 | 79.3 ± 12.1 | 0.001 | 73.8 ± 9.6 | 74.6 ± 9.6 | 0.668 |
| HC (cm) | 89.0 ± 9.0 | 96.6 ± 10.1 | <0.001 | 87.9 ± 7.8 | 94.6 ± 8.1 | <0.001 |
| WHR | 0.84 ± 0.08 | 0.82 ± 0.09 | 0.017 | 0.84 ± 0.09 | 0.79 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 120.6 ± 9.7 | 115.6 ± 11.5 | <0.001 | 116.7 ± 7.7 | 111.6 ± 8.9 | 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.0 ± 7.5 | 73.0 ± 7.6 | 0.731 | 69.8 ± 6.8 | 70.7 ± 6.4 | 0.437 |
| PP (mmHg) | 47.6 ± 6.8 | 42.3 ± 7.3 | <0.001 | 46.9 ± 7.3 | 41.0 ± 5.2 | <0.001 |
| MBP (mmHg) | 88.8 ± 7.7 | 87.4 ± 8.4 | 0.114 | 85.4 ± 6.2 | 84.3 ± 6.9 | 0.35 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 65 ± 9 | 69 ± 9 | <0.001 | 64 ± 10 | 69 ± 9 | 0.001 |
| PWV (m/s) | 7.3 ± 1.4 | 6.7 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 6.8 ± 1.0 | 6.3 ± 0.9 | 0.008 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 94.3 ± 22.6 | 88.7 ± 13.8 | 0.01 | 89.7 ± 13.0 | 87.5 ± 11.2 | 0.289 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.13 ± 0.20 | 0.97 ± 0.17 | <0.001 | 1.11 ± 0.20 | 0.98 ± 0.15 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.0 ± 1.6 | 4.5 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | 6.0 ± 1.8 | 4.2 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 178.9 ± 36.0 | 189.5 ± 34.4 | 0.009 | 160.5 ± 27.0 | 168.6 ± 23.1 | 0.069 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 114.6 ± 36.1 | 123.5 ± 35.5 | 0.032 | 97.9 ± 26.4 | 104.0 ± 25.1 | 0.177 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 44.9 ± 10.9 | 48.1 ± 11.3 | 0.014 | 51.1 ± 8.9 | 59.0 ± 8.3 | <0.001 |
| TGL (mg/dL) | 96.7 ± 40.5 | 89.6 ± 34.0 | 0.098 | 80.6 ± 28.7 | 78.8 ± 24.4 | 0.71 |
| Risk factors | ||||||
| Obesity | 4 (2.7) | 25 (16.2) | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Diabetes | 6 (4.1) | 5 (3.2) | 0.7 | – | – | – |
| Current smoking | 13 (8.3) | 6 (3.9) | 0.078 | – | – | – |
| Alcohol drinking | 85 (57.8) | 85 (55.2) | 0.646 | – | – | – |
| High TC | 38 (25.9) | 56 (36.4) | 0.049 | – | – | – |
| High TGL | 16 (10.9) | 10 (6.5) | 0.175 | – | – | – |
| High LDL-C | 22 (15.0) | 29 (18.8) | 0.372 | – | – | – |
| Low HDL-C | 52 (35.4) | 90 (58.4) | <0.001 | – | – | – |
Values are the means ± SD or percentages. In each group, values were compared between men and women by the independent t test, and risk factors were compared by chi-square test (only in the less healthy group)
BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, HC hip circumference, WHR waist-to-hip ratio, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, PP pulse pressure, MBP mean blood pressure, PWV pulse wave velocity, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC total cholesterol, TGL triglycerides