Fig. 4. GPF protects HaCaT keratinocytes against H2O2-induced oxidative DNA, lipid, and protein damage. HaCaT cells were treated with GPF (20 μM) for 1 h and then exposed to H2O2 (1 mM). (A) The comet assay was performed to assess DNA damage. Representative images and the percentage of cellular fluorescence within the comet tail are shown. Lipid peroxidation was assayed by (B) measuring 8-isoprostane levels in the conditioned medium and (C) detecting lipid hydroperoxide formation via fluorescence microscopy after reaction with DPPP. (D) Protein oxidation was assayed by measuring carbonyl formation. All measurements were performed in three independent experiments. *Significantly different from control cells (p<0.05), #Significantly different from H2O2-treated cells (p<0.05).
