Table 3. Adjusted Associations a of Frequency of Carbohydrate Counting Use with CVD Risk Factors among Participants who were Exclusively Taught Carbohydrate Counting, Stratified by Weight Status (n=499).
| Underweight/Normal Weight Who Were Exclusively Taught Carbohydrate Counting | Overweight/Obese Who Were Exclusively Taught Carbohydrate Counting | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||
| Used Carbohydrate Counting Often | Used Carbohydrate Counting Sometimes/Never | Used Carbohydrate Counting Often | Used Carbohydrate Counting Sometimes/Never | |
| LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 93.7 (8.2) | 96.5 (9.5) | 98.4 (6.5) | 101.3 (8.7) |
| HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 63.2 (4.3) | 60.5 (5.0) | 58.8 (3.9) | 58.9 (5.2) |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 166.7 (10.0) | 182 (11.6) | 171.8 (8.3) | 174.1 (11.2) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)* | 56.3 (12.1) | 98.6 (14.1) | 72.5 (14.9) | 69.1 (20.0) |
| A1c (%)* | 8.3 (0.4) | 9.4 (0.4) | 8.4 (0.4) | 8.3 (0.5) |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 106.0 (2.6) | 106.2 (3.05) | 106.5 (2.3) | 100.9 (2.9) |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 65.8 (2.2) | 69.4 (2.6) | 65.4 (2.2) | 63.5 (2.7) |
a
Separate, multivariate linear regression models estimating mean value and standard errors for CVD risk factor by use of exclusive carbohydrate counting, adjusted for race/ethnicity, sex, parental education, age at visit, study site, diabetes duration, and insulin regimen stratified by weight. Referent category is “used carbohydrate counting often.”
*
For underweight/normal participants, significant difference between youth who used carbohydrate counting “sometimes/never” versus those who used the approach “often”, p<0.05.