Table 1.

Potential approaches of conventional ginsenosides to prevent chemical, surgical and/or genetic-induced renal damage

Ginsenoside	Animal model	Mechanism	Reference
Rg1	Spontaneously hypertensive rat	Repair of glomerular structure	26
	UUO	Renal interstitial fibrosis↓	25
		Repair of peritubular capillary
		Thrombospondin-1↓, VEGF↑
Re	STZ-induced diabetic rat	Oxidative stress↓	27
Rb1	Glycerol-induced acute renal failure	Renal function↑	28
		Oxidative stress↓
		Repair of renal morphology
	UUO	Oxidative damage↓	30
		Renal TGF-β1↓
		Renal interstitial fibrosis↓
	Intestinal ischemia reperfusion-induced renal injury	Renal function↑	29
		Oxidative stress↓
		Nrf2/ARE pathway↑
Rd	Cisplatin-induced acute renal failure	Renal function↑	31-33
	Cephaloridine-induced renal failure	Oxidative stress↓
	Renal ischemia-reperfusion

UUO, unilateral ureteral obstruction; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor, STZ, streptozotocin; Nrf2, nucuear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; ARE, antioxidant response element.