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Model of S. typhimurium–induced NF-κB activation. Both TNF-α and S. typhimurium induce NF-κB nuclear translocation via activation of an IκB kinase and subsequent proteasomal degradation of IκB-α. However, S. typhimurium–mediated, but not TNF-α–mediated, activation of the kinase requires an increase in cytosolic [Ca2+].
