Table 3.
Bivariate analysis of variables with the DASH, QuickDASH, and pain (n = 164)*
| Variable | DASH | QuickDASH | Pain | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R, T, or F value | p value | R, T, or F value | p value | R, T, or F value | p value | |
| Pearson’s correlation (r) | ||||||
| PHQ-9 | 0.44 | < 0.001 | 0.45 | < 0.001 | 0.20 | 0.010 |
| PHQ-2 | 0.47 | < 0.001 | 0.48 | < 0.001 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
| PCS-13 | 0.50 | < 0.001 | 0.51 | < 0.001 | 0.46 | < 0.001 |
| PCS-4 | 0.46 | < 0.001 | 0.47 | < 0.001 | 0.46 | < 0.001 |
| SHAI-18 | 0.26 | 0.001 | 0.25 | 0.001 | 0.19 | 0.014 |
| SHAI-5 | 0.23 | 0.004 | 0.22 | 0.005 | 0.21 | 0.007 |
| Age | 0.13 | 0.099 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.039 | 0.62 |
| Years of education | −0.13 | 0.091 | −0.16 | 0.043 | −0.25 | 0.001 |
| Months since first pain experience | 0.18 | 0.024 | 0.17 | 0.035 | 0.22 | 0.005 |
| T-test (T) | ||||||
| Sex | 1.6 | 0.10 | 1.2 | 0.23 | 1.5 | 0.14 |
| Previous surgeries | 0.51 | 0.61 | −0.70 | 0.49 | 1.5 | 0.15 |
| Other pain conditions | −2.3 | 0.021 | −2.5 | 0.015 | −3.7 | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | 1.2 | 0.24 | 1.5 | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.79 |
| One-way ANOVA (F) | ||||||
| Surgeon | 1.5 | 0.21 | 1.7 | 0.16 | 1.3 | 0.27 |
| Diagnosis | 0.73 | 0.61 | 0.36 | 0.88 | 4.6 | 0.001 |
| Marital status | 0.56 | 0.69 | 0.43 | 0.79 | 1.9 | 0.12 |
| Work status | 4.5 | 0.001 | 4.6 | 0.001 | 1.9 | 0.099 |
* Bivariate analysis = Pearson’s correlation, t-test, and one-way ANOVA were conducted for each of the individual predictors to find the association with the outcome measures: DASH, QuickDASH, and pain; PHQ-9 and -2 = nine- and two-item Patient Health Questionnaire; PCS-13 and -4 = 13- and four-item Pain Catastrophizing Scale; SHAI-18 and -5 = 18- and five-item Short Health Anxiety Index.