Table 5.

Previously published associations between sex and hip anatomy

Study	Study population	Modality	Association between sex and
			Alpha angle	Femoral version	Acetabular version	Lateral CEA	Neck-shaft angle
Atkinson et al. [5]	Australian patients undergoing hip resurfacing	CT scan		None Avg F: 9° Avg M: 8° p = 0.387	Sex difference Avg F: 23° Avg M: 18° p = 0.02		None Avg F: 128° Avg M: 129° p = 0.85
Buller et al. [9]	Asymptomatic US patients (29–75 years old)	CT scans originally obtained for vascular angiography			Positive correlation for F sex: 2.6° to 1° p = 0.018	Positive correlation for F sex: 2.79° to 1° p = 0.018
Gerhardt et al. [17]	Asymptomatic US professional soccer players	Pelvic radiographs	Avg F: 52.9° Avg M: 65.6°
Laborie et al. [29]	General population of 17- to 20-year-olds in Norway	Pelvic radiographs	10% of F with one or more cam-type findings, 35% of M with one or more cam-type findings p < 0.001
Nakahara et al. [37]	Asymptomatic elderly Japanese	CT scan	F had smaller alpha angles 7% of F and 25% of M with alpha angle > 55°	Sex difference Avg F: 25.2° Avg M: 20.3° p = 0.021	Sex difference Avg F: 21.3° Avg M: 17.5° p = 0.023	Sex difference Avg F: 34.7° Avg M: 37.9° p = 0.043	None Avg F: 125.5° Avg M: 124.3° p = 0.347
Reikeras et al. [46]	Cadaveric study in Norway	Direct bone measurement and radiographs					No difference between M and F
Sutter et al. [52]	Swiss patients with FAI compared to asymptomatic volunteers	MRI		Avg F: 16° Avg M: 10° p < 0.001
Current study	Swiss patients undergoing hip MR arthrography for any reason	MR arthrography and pelvic radiographs	Stronger association; explains 23% of variance Avg F: 58° Avg M: 70° p < 0.001	Weak association; explains 7% of variance Avg F: 20° Avg M: 15° p = 0.008	Weak association; explains 4% of variance Avg F: 17° Avg M: 14° p = 0.038	Weak association; explains 4% of variance Avg F: 27° Avg M: 31° p = 0.039	None Avg F: 131° Avg M: 129° p = 0.125

CEA = center-edge angle; FAI = femoroacetabular impingement; avg = average; F = female; M = male.