. 2013 Apr 6;22(11):653–670. doi: 10.1007/s00787-013-0401-2

Table 2.

Summary of results

	Barriers	Facilitators
Service access	1. Situational barriers • Practical issues (e.g. transport, childcare, inconvenient timing/venue) • Time constraints due to other commitments (e.g. work, having several children) 2. Psychological barriers • Fears/Worries (e.g. confidence, fear of being judged) • Stigma (e.g. shame about needing help, being labelled) • Distrust (e.g. concerns about confidentiality/anonymity) 3. Lack of information/misconception about services (e.g. unawareness of service) 4. Availability of services (e.g. long waiting lists) 5. Poor interagency collaboration (e.g. unorganised referral routes)	1. Effective Advertisement/service promotion • Multi-channel promotion (e.g. leaflets, posters, internet, newsletters) • Effective advertisement content (e.g. clear, easy to understand) • Targeting of hard to reach groups (e.g. wording, images) • Offer of multiple, ‘soft’ entry points (e.g. open events) 2. Direct recruitment • Personalised recruitment (e.g. through good relationship with parent) • Effective, direct channels (e.g. word of mouth between parents) 3. Good interagency collaboration (e.g. multiple referral routes)
Continued engagement	1. Dislike of group activities (e.g. feeling an outsider, shyness) 2. Perception that programme is unhelpful (e.g. programme adding to stress levels) 3. Difficulties following the programme (e.g. lack of support) 4. Change in circumstances (e.g. illness of family member)	1. Programme factors • Programme meets families’ actual needs (e.g. flexible, individually tailored) • Positive group experience (e.g. homogenous groups) • Additional contact (e.g. phone support) 2. Therapist factors • Positive personal qualities of therapist (e.g. non-judgemental, warm) • Therapist skills/background (e.g. continued training)

Barriers

Facilitators

Service access

1. Situational barriers

• Practical issues (e.g. transport, childcare, inconvenient timing/venue)

• Time constraints due to other commitments (e.g. work, having several children)

2. Psychological barriers

• Fears/Worries (e.g. confidence, fear of being judged)

• Stigma (e.g. shame about needing help, being labelled)

• Distrust (e.g. concerns about confidentiality/anonymity)

3. Lack of information/misconception about services (e.g. unawareness of service)

4. Availability of services (e.g. long waiting lists)

5. Poor interagency collaboration (e.g. unorganised referral routes)

1. Effective Advertisement/service promotion

• Multi-channel promotion (e.g. leaflets, posters, internet, newsletters)

• Effective advertisement content (e.g. clear, easy to understand)

• Targeting of hard to reach groups (e.g. wording, images)

• Offer of multiple, ‘soft’ entry points (e.g. open events)

2. Direct recruitment

• Personalised recruitment (e.g. through good relationship with parent)

• Effective, direct channels (e.g. word of mouth between parents)

3. Good interagency collaboration (e.g. multiple referral routes)

Continued engagement

1. Dislike of group activities (e.g. feeling an outsider, shyness)

2. Perception that programme is unhelpful (e.g. programme adding to stress levels)

3. Difficulties following the programme (e.g. lack of support)

4. Change in circumstances (e.g. illness of family member)

1. Programme factors

• Programme meets families’ actual needs (e.g. flexible, individually tailored)

• Positive group experience (e.g. homogenous groups)

• Additional contact (e.g. phone support)

2. Therapist factors

• Positive personal qualities of therapist (e.g. non-judgemental, warm)

• Therapist skills/background (e.g. continued training)