Table 2.
Measured circulation (Γ, m2 s−1) and calculated weight support (italicized text, %) values by bird for the start and stop vortices (ΓDs and Γup), the wingtip vorticity (Γtip Ds and Γtip up), the root vorticity (Γroot Ds and Γroot up) and secondary vorticity, tentatively identified as leading-edge vorticity (LEVD); see text for details. All values but LEVD are presented for the downstroke (Ds) and the upstroke (up). Values are means ± s.e.
| bird | ΓDs | Γup | Γtip Ds | Γtip up | Γroot Ds | Γroot up | LEVD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.115 ± 0.001 70.4 ± 1.0 |
0.058 ± 0.0007 35.6 ± 1.2 |
0.111 ± 0.001 67.7 ± 3.1 |
0.056 ± 0.0006 38.8 ± 1.4 |
0.094 ± 0.001 | 0.064 ± 0.0006 | 0.033 ± 0.001 20.2 ± 1.3 |
| 2 | 0.115 ± 0.001 64.0 ± 0.9 |
0.058 ± 0.0007 32.4 ± 0.9 |
0.111 ± 0.001 61.9 ± 2.4 |
0.063 ± 0.0005 35.1 ± 1.9 |
0.094 ± 0.001 | 0.064 ± 0.0006 | 0.036 ± 0.001 19.8 ± 1.6 |
| 3 | 0.115 ± 0.001 67.5 ± 0.9 |
0.058 ± 0.0007 34.2 ± 1.1 |
0.111 ± 0.001 65.0 ± 2.8 |
0.063 ± 0.0005 37.0 ± 1.6 |
0.094 ± 0.001 | 0.064 ± 0.0005 | 0.034 ± 0.001 20.0 ± 1.8 |
| 4 | 0.115 ± 0.002 65.1 ± 0.9 |
0.058 ± 0.0006 33.0 ± 1.2 |
0.111 ± 0.001 62.9 ± 3.2 |
0.063 ± 0.0004 35.7 ± 1.8 |
0.094 ± 0.0006 | 0.064 ± 0.0004 | 0.027 ± 0.001 16.0 ± 2.1 |