. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 Apr;32(4):10.1097/INF.0b013e31827f44ee. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31827f44ee

Table 2.

#	Sample type	Age at HIV diagnosis	6 weeks	3 months	6 months
2	Maternal plasma				A98G, V108V/I
	Breast milk				A98G^a
	Infant plasma	3 mo			A98G, K103N, Y181C

4	Maternal plasma				VL < 400c/ml
	Breast milk				VL < 400c/ml
	Infant plasma	6 mo			K103N, V106M,Y181C

5	Maternal plasma				K103N
	Breast milk				failed PCR
	Infant plasma	6 mo			K103N, Y181C^a

9	Maternal plasma				WT
	Breast milk				WT
	Infant plasma	3 mo			V106M

26	Maternal plasma		WT	VL < 400 c/ml	WT
	Breast milk		WT^a	WT	WT
	Infant plasma	6 wk	WT	WT	WT

27	Maternal plasma		K103N	K103N
	Breast milk		K103N^a	K103N
	Infant plasma	6 wk	Y188C	K103N, V106M, Y188C

33	Maternal plasma			K103N
	Breast milk			K103N^a
	Infant plasma	6 wk	K103N	K103N

34	Maternal plasma			VL< 400 c/ml
	Breast milk			VL< 400 c/ml
	Infant plasma	6 wk	K103N	K103N, Y181C, K65R

Fisher’s exact test was used to assess the association of various factors with emergence of nevirapine resistance in HIV-infected infants. Relative risk for infant exposure to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was undefined, because none of the two infants exposed to HAART had resistance. Note that none of the infants received a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-containing HAART regimen.

Abbreviations: CI: confidence intervals; ARV: antiretroviral; NVP: nevirapine; PMTCT: prevention of mother-to-child transmission; ZDV: zidovudine; 3TC: lamivudine; HAART: highly active ARV treatment.

HIV genotyping results obtained for maternal plasma, breast milk and infant plasma samples from 8 mother–infant pairs where the mother started HAART by 6 months postpartum; all available samples were tested. Samples were collected at 6 weeks, and at 3 and 6 months postpartum. Mothers started HAART at 6 weeks (infants 5, 26, 27), 3 months (infants 33, 34), and 6 months (infants 2, 4, 9). HIV genotyping was not performed for maternal samples that had <400 copies/mL (c/mL) HIV RNA (VL < 400 c/mL).

A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was required for amplification.

HIV genotyping results for this infant did not include amino acids 8–32 in HIV reverse transcriptase. No major NNRTI or nucleoside/NRTI resistance mutations occur in that region of the reverse transcriptase protein.