Table 1.
Pore Sizes and Porosity of Various Scaffold Types Required for Different Cellular Activities
| Function | Cell type used/in vivo tests | Scaffold material | Pore size (μm) | Porosity (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angiogenesis | Multilayered agent-based model simulation/in vivo rat implantation | Porous PEG | 160–270 | — | 154 |
| Adipogenesis | Murine embryonic stem cells | PCL | 6–70 | 88 | 156 |
| Rat BMCs | Silk gland fibroin from nonmulberry | 90–110 | 97 | 157 | |
| Mice ASCs | Porcine type 1 collagen | 70–110 | — | 158 | |
| Cell infiltration | Dermal fibroblasts | Synthetic human elastin | 11 | 34.4 | 139 |
| Primary rat osteoblasts | PHP | 100 | — | 144 | |
| Chondrogenesis | Human ASCs | PCL | 370–400 | 95 | 146 |
| Porcine chondrocytes | Chitosan | 70–120 | 80 | 159 | |
| Rabbit MSCs | PLGA-GCH | 200 | 74 | 160 | |
| Rabbit MSCs | PLGA | 200–500 | — | 161 | |
| Porcine chondrocytes | PCL | 750 | 30 | 162 | |
| Porcine BMSCs | PCL | 860 | 59 | 162 | |
| Hepatogenesis | Human ASCs | PLGA | 120–200 | — | 163 |
| Rat bone marrow stem cells | c-PLGA | 150–350 | 94 | 164 | |
| Osteogenesis | In vivo rat implantation | Hydroxyapatite-BMPs | 300–400 | — | 145 |
| hMSCs | Coralline hydroxyapatite | 200 | 75 | 136 | |
| In vivo mice implantation | β-tricalcium phosphate | 2–100 | 75 | 165 | |
| In vivo mice implantation | Natural coral | 150–200 | 35 | 166 | |
| RBMSCs | Sintered titanium | 250 | 86 | 167 | |
| Fetal bovine osteoblasts | PCL | 350 | 65 | 168 | |
| Proliferation | hMSCs | Coralline hydroxyapatite | 500 | 88 | 136 |
| Human trophoblast ED27 | PET | 30 | 84.9 | 132 | |
| Rat MSCs | PET | >12 | 96.7 | 133 | |
| Human foreskin fibroblasts | Silk fibroin | 200–250 | 86 | 134 | |
| Human foreskin fibroblasts | Silk fibroin | 100–150 | 91 | 134 | |
| Rat chondrocytes | Type A gelatin | 250–500 | — | 138 | |
| MC3T3-E1 cells | CG | 325 | 99 | 140 | |
| Primary rat osteoblasts | PHP | 40 | — | 144 | |
| Skin regeneration | Guinea pig dermal and epidermal cells | CG | 20–125 | — | 169 |
| Smooth muscle cell differentitation | Dog BMSCs | PLGA | 50–200 | — | 170 |
BMCs, bone marrow cells; ASCs, adipose-derived stem cells; hMSCs, human mesenchymal stem cells; BMSCs, bone marrow stem cells; PEG, poly(ethylene glycol); PCL, polycaprolactone; PET, polyethylene terephthalate; CG, Collagen–glycosaminoglycan; PHP, PolyHIPE polymer; cPLGA-GCH, collagen-coated poly-lactide-co-glycolide–gelatin/chondroitin/hyaluronate; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; RBMSCs, rat bone marrow stromal cells.