Table 1. Experimental items, their connotations of physical and social disorder, and the experimental classification.

Experimental items (nr)	Social connotations	Experimental class (nr of items)
Garbage bags (2)	Neglect, indifference (Litter)	Neglect (24)
Cardboard boxes (1)
Newspapers, flyers (2)
Plastic shopping bags (2)
Dog droppings (3)
Bicycle frame (1)
Bicycle wheels (2)
Cigarette butts (1)
Empty beer cans (7)
Fast-food wrappers, boxes, paper cups (1)
Old car tires (2)
Bus shelter with broken windows (1)	Vandalism	Vandalism (1)
Smashed car windows and signs warning for car burglary (6)	Car burglary	Crime (17)
Neighborhood crime watch Signs (3)	Home burglary
Signs that homes are protected by private security services (2)
Signs that homes are protected by dogs (2)
CCTV security cameras and signs (4)	Predatory crime

Numbers in brackets indicate the number of items present in the VE.