Table 3. Outcome measures of group A (studies not focused on impacted teeth).

First author	Year	Number of patients	Characteristics of patients	Number and type of examiners	Reference Standard	Index test	Occasions (interval)
Record set versus 2D X-rays on demand
Atchison KA [10]	1991	6	3× Class I and 3× Class II	39 ortho	anamnesis+dental casts+extra- and intraoral photographs	anamnesis+dental casts+extra- and intraoral photographs with extra X-ray radiography on demand	1
Atchison KA [11]	1992	6	3× Class I and 3× Class II	39 ortho	anamnesis+dental casts+extra- and intraoral photographs	anamnesis+dental casts+extra- and intraoral photographs with extra X-ray radiography on demand	1
Bruks A [12]	1999	70	Class I and Class II	4 pgs	anamnesis+dental casts+extra- and intraoral photographs	anamnesis+dental casts+extra- and intraoral photographs with extra X-ray radiography on demand	1
Record set versus lateral headplate
Greenhill R [13]	1979	30		11 (4 ortho; 4 dent; 1 period; 2 admini)	dental casts+LHP+tracing+colour photographs	1) dental cast; 2) dental casts+LHP+tracing	3 (4–5 weeks)
Silling G [14]	1979	6	2× Class II/2, 2× Class I, 2× Class II/1	24 ortho	dental casts+extra oral photographs+periapical radiographs+LHP+tracing	dental casts+extra oral photographs+periapical radiographs	1
Han UK [15]	1991	57	Class II/1	5 ortho	dental casts+extra oral photographs+OPT+LHP+tracing	1) dental casts; 2) dental casts+extra oral photo's; 3) dental casts+extra oral photo's+OPG; 4) dental casts+extra oral photo's+OPG+LHP	5 (1 month)
Pae EK [16]	2001	80	Class I, Class II/2, Class III, open bites, bimaxillary protrusion	16 ortho	dental casts+LHP (no tracing)	dental casts	2 (minimal 1 week)
Nijkamp PG [17]	2008	48	Class II	14 (4 ortho; 10 pgs)	dental casts+LHP+tracing	dental casts	4 (≥1 month)
Devereux L [18]	2011	6	2× Class I, 3× Class II, 1× Class III	199–>114 ortho	anamnesis+dental casts+extra- and intraoral photographs+OPT+LHP+tracing	anamnesis+dental casts+extra- and intraoral photographs+OPT	2 (8 weeks)
Plaster casts versus digital casts
Rheude B [19]	2005	30->7 selected		7 ortho	Medical and dental history+extra- and intraoral pictures+OPT+LHP+plaster casts	Medical and dental history+extra- and intraoral pictures+OPT+LHP+digital casts	2 (maximal 30 minutes)
Whetten JL [20]	2006	10	Class II	20 ortho	Extraoral photographs+OPT+LHP+tracing+plaster casts	Extraoral photographs+OPT+LHP+tracing+digital casts	2 (≥1 month)
Plaster casts without articulator versus plaster casts with articulator
Ellis PE [21]	2003	20		10 ortho	Extraoral photographs+OPT+LHP+tracing+plaster casts	Extraoral photographs+OPT+LHP+tracing+plaster casts articulated in the articulator	3 (minimal 2 weeks)

ortho = orthodontist(s); pgs = postgraduate(s); dent = dentist(s); period = periodontist(s); admini = administrative personnel; LHP = lateral headplate; OPT = orthopantomogram; 2D = two-dimensional.