Figure 4. The holoparasitic Hydnoraceae originated in the Late Cretaceous.

A chronogram of the 19-gene-matrix applying a relaxed molecular clock using BEAST shows Hydnoraceae (red) originating in the Late Cretaceous (91 MYA) with a crown age of 55 MYA. The photosynthetic members of Piperales are highlighted in blue. The age, estimated with BEAST [66], is mapped on the right of the respective node in MYA and the highest posterior density (HPD) interval is indicated by a grey bar. The same calibration points and topological constraints have been applied to this dataset as well as to the Barkman et al. [10] dataset to ensure comparability (for the latter see Table 2, Figure S3, and for details the methods).