Table 1. Demographics and Cognitive Measures.
| Age Range | 20s (n = 37) mean (SD) | 30s (n = 27) mean (SD) | 40s (n = 32) mean (SD) | 50s (n = 46) mean (SD) | > 60 (n = 42) mean (SD) |
| Female, % | 51.4 | 55.6 | 59.4 | 54.3 | 61.9 |
| Age | 25.8 (2.3) | 34.0 (2.6) | 44.4 (2.7) | 54.4 (3.0) | 67.1 (4.8) |
| Education | 4.6 (0.6) | 4.6 (0.6) | 3.6 (1.1) | 3.2 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.3) |
| MMSE score | 29.1 (1.0) | 28.5 (1.4) | 28.0 (1.4) | 28.0 (1.5) | 28.0 (1.5) |
| PAL -- first trial memory scores | 22.0 (2.7) | 21.0 (1.6) | 19.0 (2.8) | 18.3 (2.8) | 17.3 (2.8) |
| IED – Pre-EDS errors | 4.6 (1.4) | 4.9 (2.2) | 5.6 (2.1) | 5.4 (2.0) | 5.82 (2.6) |
| SWM – between search errors | 12.6 (12.4) | 12.5 (8.9) | 17.1(14.2) | 26 (17.4) | 41.5 (20.5) |
| SWM -- strategy | 30.8 (4.8) | 29.3 (6.2) | 31.8 (4.5) | 34.7 (3.8) | 37.1 (5.1) |
| DMS -- total correct for delayed recognition | 17.9 (1.6) | 17.5 (1.4) | 16.7 (2.7) | 17.2 (2.2) | 15.9 (3.0) |
Abbreviations: MMSE -- Mini-Mental State Examination; PAL -- Paired associates learning. IED -- Intra-Extra Dimensional Shift; DMS -- Delayed Matching to Sample; SWM -- Spatial Working Memory.
Note: Education scales: 0 = no education, 1 = primary school level, 2 = secondary school level, 3 = Singapore - Cambridge General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level (‘O’ level) / Singapore-Cambridge General Certificate of Education Normal (Academic) Level (‘N’ level), 4 = Pre-University/Diploma/ITE/Certificate, 5 = Degree and above.