Table 6. Lifetime prevalence of neuroenhancement according to substance categories and study site based on directly cognitive-enhancing neuroenhancement substances, including methylphenidate, modafinil, antidepressants, anti-dementia agents, beta-blockers, cocaine, and amphetamines (N = 6275).
| Institution | ||||
| UZH (n = 404) | ETHZ (n = 3347) | UniBas (n = 2524) | Total (N = 6275) | |
| Prescription drugs | ||||
| Men | 10.7% (11) | 5.1% (104)* | 7.2% (74) | 5.9% (189) |
| Women | 7.3% (22) | 3.7% (48) | 6.6% (98) | 5.4% (168) |
| Total | 8.2% (33) | 4.5% (152) | 6.8% (172) | 5.7% (357) |
| Drugs of abuse | ||||
| Men | 1% (1) | 0.7% (15) | 0.7% (7) | 0.7% (23) |
| Women | 0.3% (1) | 0.3% (4) | 0.5% (7) | 0.4% (12) |
| Total | 0.5% (2) | 0.6% (19) | 0.6% (14) | 0.6% (35) |
| Prescription drugs AND drugs of abuse | ||||
| Men | - | 0.4% (9) | 0.2% (2) | 0.3% (11) |
| Women | 0.3% (1) | 0.3% (4) | 0.2% (3) | 0.3% (8) |
| Total | 0.2% (1) | 0.4% (13) | 0.2% (5) | 0.3% (19) |
| Prescription drugs OR drugs of abuse | ||||
| Men | 11.7% (12) | 5.4% (110)* | 7.6% (79) | 6.3% (201) |
| Women | 7.3% (22) | 3.7% (48) | 6.8% (102) | 5.6% (172) |
| Total | 8.4% (34) | 4.7% (158) | 7.2% (182) | 5.9% (373) |
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001, compared with women.