Table 3. Biological traits of the most common species recorded in five or more of the 13 studies on seed from cars.
| Species | Family | Growth form | Life form | Shoot growth form | Mean release height (m) | Presence of seed bank | Morphology of seed | Seed per ramet/tussock/individual plant | Mean seed mass (mg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sonchus asper | Aster | Forb | Annual | Stem erect | 0.5-1.0 | Transient | Pappus | ≤100,000 | 0.1-0.4 |
| Sonchus oleraceus | Aster | Forb | Annual | Stem erect | 0.5-1.0 | Short term persistent | Pappus | ≤10,000 | 0.1-0.4 |
| Taraxacum officinale | Aster | Forb | Perennial | Ascending to prostrate | 0.5-1.0 | Transient | Pappus | ≤10,000 | 0.5-1.0 |
| Stellaria media | Caryo | Forb | Annual | Ascending to prostrate | 0.1-0.4 | Shoot growth form | ≤100,000 | 0.1-0.4 | |
| Sagina procumbens | Caryo | Forb | Perennial | Ascending to prostrate | 0.1-0.4 | Short term persistent | ≤10,000 | <0.1 | |
| Chenopodium album | Cheno | Forb | Annual | Stem erect | 0.5-1.0 | Short term persistent | ≤100,000 | 0.5-1.0 | |
| Trifolium repens | Fab | Forb | Perennial | Prostrate | 0.1-0.4 | Transient | ≤1000 | 0.5-1.0 | |
| Juncus bufonius | Junc | Graminoid | Annual | Stem erect | 0.1-0.4 | Short term persistent | Sticky | ≤100,000 | <0.1 |
| Plantago major | Planta | Forb | Perennial | Stem erect | 0.1-0.4 | Shoot growth form | Sticky | ≤100,000 | 0.1-0.4 |
| Poa pratensis | Poac | Graminoid | Perennial | Ascending to prostrate | 0.5-1.0 | Transient | ≤1000 | 0.1-0.4 | |
| Poa annua | Poac | Graminoid | Annual | Prostrate | 0.1-0.4 | Short term persistent | Hairs | ≤100,000 | 0.1-0.4 |
| Dactylis glomerata | Poac | Graminoid | Perennial | Stem erect | 0.5-1.0 | Transient | Hairs | ≤1000 | 0.5-1.0 |
| Echinochloa crus-galli | Poac | Graminoid | Annual | Ascending to prostrate | 0.5-1.0 | Short term persistent | Awns | ≤100,000 | 2.0-2.5 |
| Lolium perenne | Poac | Graminoid | Perennial | Stem erect | 0.5-1.0 | Transient | ≤100,000 | 1.5-2.0 |
Note: Family: Aster- Asteraceae; Caryo- Caryophyllaceae; Cheno- Chenopodiaceae; Fab- Fabaceae; Junc- Juncaceae; Planta- Plantaginaceae; Poac- Poaceae; Polug- Polygonaceae. The details about the number of seed, presence of seed bank, seed mass, release height, and shoot growth form were obtained from the list of 400 international environmental weeds [43], PlantNET [50] and the United States Department of Agriculture [49].