Table 10. Estimated 12-month prevalence for cognitive doping by using RRT.

Population	‘Yes’	‘No’				95% CI
All athletes (response rate = 91.6%)	724	2013	0.265	15.1%	0.00016	12.7–17.6
Physical enhancement
‘Yes’	147	235	0.385	33.0%	0.00092	25.8–40.3
‘No’	555	1741	0.242	11.7%	0.00012	9.1–14.3
Cognitive enhancement
‘Yes’	77	79	0.494	49.2%	0.00239	37.5–60.9
‘No’	625	1897	0.248	12.6%	0.00011	10.1–15.1
Location
Frankfurt	226	609	0.271	16.0%	0.00052	11.5–20.5
Regensburg	242	643	0.274	16.4%	0.00050	12.1–20.8
Wiesbaden 70.3	256	761	0.252	13.2%	0.00041	9.2–17.1
Gender
Male athletes	632	1726	0.268	15.6%	0.00018	13.0–18.3
Female athletes	82	267	0.235	10.7%	0.00114	4.1–17.3
A-level
‘Yes’	430	1189	0.266	15.3%	0.00027	12.1–18.5
‘No’	207	638	0.245	12.2%	0.00049	7.9–16.5
Structured training plan
‘Yes’	475	1310	0.266	15.4%	0.00024	12.3–18.4
‘No’	246	696	0.261	14.6%	0.00045	10.4–18.8
Behavior in case of pain
Take a pause	413	1243	0.249	12.9%	0.00025	9.8–16.0
Continue	301	739	0.289	18.8%	0.00044	14.7–22.9

(CI = confidence interval).