Table 2. Components of the GH-IGF-axis and insulin sensitivity in young adulthood according to breastfeeding status in infancy, DONALD Study (n = 122–125 women, 107–108 men)a.
| Duration of full breastfeeding | ||||
| Outcome | Never (≤2 weeks) | Short (3–17 weeks) | Long (>17 weeks) | ptrend |
| Women | ||||
| IGF-I (ng ml−1) | ||||
| Model 1b | 256 (226; 286) | 256 (230; 283) | 227 (196; 257) | 0.2 |
| Model 2c | 248 (212; 285) | 244 (207; 281) | 222 (182; 262) | 0.2 |
| IGFBP-1 (µg L−1) | ||||
| Model 1 | 10.4 (7.7; 14.2) | 9.5 (7.2; 12.5) | 10.8 (7.9; 14.9) | 0.9 |
| Model 2 | 8.2 (5.5; 12.2) | 6.9 (4.6; 10.4) | 8.2 (5.3; 12.8) | 0.99 |
| IGFBP-3 (mg L−1) | ||||
| Model 1 | 3.7 (3.5; 4.0) | 3.7 (3.4; 3.9) | 3.6 (3.3; 3.9) | 0.4 |
| Model 2 | 3.5 (3.2; 3.9) | 3.5 (3.2; 3.9) | 3.4 (3.1; 3.8) | 0.7 |
| IGFBP-2 (µg L−1) | ||||
| Model 1 | 121 (100; 146) | 127 (107; 151) | 163 (134; 198) | 0.04 |
| Model 2 | 127 (100; 160) | 142 (112; 181) | 178 (136; 233) | 0.02 |
| HOMA-IR | ||||
| Model 1 | 2.7 (2.4; 3.0) | 2.7 (2.4; 2.9) | 2.2 (2.0; 2.5) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 | 2.8 (2.5; 3.1) | 2.6 (2.4; 2.9) | 2.2 (1.9; 2.4) | 0.004 |
| Men | ||||
| IGF-I (ng ml−1) | ||||
| Model 1 | 243 (215; 271) | 252 (226; 277) | 261 (228; 293) | 0.4 |
| Model 2 | 247 (215; 280) | 255 (224; 286) | 265 (228; 303) | 0.4 |
| IGFBP-1 (µg L−1) | ||||
| Model 1 | 5.5 (3.9; 7.9) | 5.6 (4.1; 7.8) | 4.7 (3.1; 7.1) | 0.6 |
| Model 2 | 5.5 (3.7; 8.3) | 5.5 (3.7; 8.2) | 4.8 (3.0; 7.7) | 0.6 |
| IGFBP-3 (mg L−1) | ||||
| Model 1 | 3.3 (3.0; 3,6) | 3.5 (3.2; 3.7) | 3.2 (2.8; 3.5) | 0.9 |
| Model 2 | 3.1 (2.8; 3.5) | 3.3 (3.0; 3.7) | 3.1 (2.7; 3.5) | 0.9 |
| IGFBP-2 (µg L−1) | ||||
| Model 1 | 173 (145; 206) | 209 (178; 246) | 181 (147; 224) | 0.6 |
| Model 2 | 167 (131; 213) | 204 (162; 257) | 179 (137; 234) | 0.6 |
| HOMA-IR | ||||
| Model 1 | 2.5 (2.1; 2.9) | 2.4 (2.1; 2.7) | 2.8 (2.3; 3.3) | 0.4 |
| Model 2 | 2.4 (2.1; 2.8) | 2.3 (2.0; 2.7) | 2.8 (2.3; 3.3) | 0.3 |
Data are adjusted means (95% CI). Abbreviations used: DONALD, Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed; GH, growth hormone; IGF-I: insulin-like-growth-factor-1; IGFBP: insulin-like growth factor binding protein; HOMA: homoeostatic model assessment; IR: insulin resistance. Missing values: n = 1 for firstborn status.
Model 1: adjusted for age in adulthood.
Model 2 for IGF-I, IGBP-1, IGFBP-3: adjusted for age in adulthood, paternal schooling ≥12 years (yes/no), firstborn status (yes/no), birth weight and length (appropriate for gestational age yes/no), gestational age (37–38/39–40/41–42 weeks), smoking in the household (yes/no). Model 2 for IGFBP-2: adjusted for age in adulthood, maternal overweight (yes/no), paternal schooling ≥12 years (yes/no), birth weight (<3000g/3000–<3500 g/≥3500 g), gestational age (37–38/39–40/41–42 weeks). Model 2 for HOMA-IR: for age in adulthood, maternal overweight (yes/no), paternal schooling ≥12 years (yes/no), firstborn status (yes/no).