TABLE 2.
Final and validated model based on breast milk glycans that predicts GDM in study participants1
Glycan | Non-GDM (n = 16) | GDM (n = 8) | FDR-adjusted P value | Power |
1 × 104 | 1 × 104 | |||
Lactoferrin | ||||
Complex hybrid | 3.31 ± 2.31 | 7.72 ± 4.52 | 0.023 | 0.66 |
Fucosylated | 11.6 ± 4.01 | 41.8 ± 22.7 | 0.0001 | 1.0 |
Sialylated | 14.4 ± 9.37 | 29.7 ± 12.1 | 0.009 | 0.87 |
Fucosylated and sialylated | 112 ± 33.6 | 176 ± 36.1 | 0.004 | 0.94 |
Total | 142 ± 40.8 | 256 ± 32.0 | 0.0001 | 1.0 |
5411 | 55.7 ± 19.6 | 97.6 ± 14.4 | 0.001 | 0.99 |
sIgA | ||||
High mannose | 33.6 ± 10.6 | 22.4 ± 11.2 | 0.020 | 0.73 |
Fucosylated | 85.2 ± 36.3 | 48.9 ± 17.5 | 0.011 | 0.82 |
Sialylated | 116 ± 59.6 | 66.3 ± 42.2 | 0.020 | 0.70 |
Fucosylated + sialylated | 222 ± 104 | 150 ± 81.4 | 0.041 | 0.54 |
Total | 519 ± 204 | 324 ± 175 | 0.016 | 0.77 |
Values are means ± SDs. FDR, false discovery rate; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; sIgA, secretory IgA; 5411, N-glycan containing 5 hexoses, 4 N-acetyl-hexosamines, 1 fucose, 1 sialic acid.