TABLE 3.
Usual dietary intake of select vitamins and minerals by the U.S. population aged ≥4 y based on current fortification of the food supply and modeled assuming constant %DVs in fortified foods under 2 potential DV scenarios1
| Usual intakes |
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| Percentiles of intake |
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| Nutrient and DV scenario | Intake from fortified foods2 | Usual intake3 | 10th | 25th | 50th | 75th | 90th | DV used in modeling | Below the EAR4 | Above the UL5 |
| % | % | % | ||||||||
| Vitamin A, μg RAE/d | ||||||||||
| Current | 17 | 610 ± 16.1 | 303 | 412 | 562 | 745 | 962 | 1500 RE | 44 ± 2.2 | <1 |
| Model 1 | 542 ± 14.8 | 279 | 372 | 499 | 657 | 843 | 531 RAE | 54 ± 2.3 | <1 | |
| Model 2 | 568 ± 15.2 | 290 | 389 | 524 | 690 | 888 | 900 RAE | 49 ± 3.9 | <1 | |
| Vitamin D, μg/d | ||||||||||
| Current | 12 | 4.5 ± 0.20 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 4.0 | 5.8 | 7.9 | 10 μg | 96 ± 0.9 | <1 |
| Model 1 | 4.5 ± 0.20 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 4.0 | 5.8 | 7.9 | 10 μg | 96 ± 0.8 | <1 | |
| Model 2 | 4.9 ± 0.12 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 4.4 | 6.4 | 8.6 | 20 μg | 95 ± 0.9 | <1 | |
| Vitamin E, mg AT/d | ||||||||||
| Current | 8 | 7.3 ± 0.20 | 4.0 | 5.1 | 6.7 | 8.8 | 11 | 30 IU | 90 ± 1.7 | <1 |
| Model 1 | 7.2 ± 0.20 | 4.0 | 5.1 | 6.6 | 8.6 | 11 | 11 mg AT | 91 ± 1.6 | <1 | |
| Model 2 | 7.3 ± 0.20 | 4.0 | 5.2 | 6.8 | 8.9 | 11 | 15 mg AT | 89 ± 1.7 | <1 | |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | ||||||||||
| Current | 28 | 83 ± 3.7 | 31 | 47 | 72 | 108 | 149 | 60 mg | 39 ± 2.0 | <1 |
| Model 1 | 83 ± 3.7 | 31 | 47 | 72 | 108 | 150 | 61 mg | 39 ± 2.0 | <1 | |
| Model 2 | 94 ± 4.3 | 34 | 52 | 81 | 123 | 174 | 90 mg | 34 ± 1.9 | <1 | |
| Vitamin B-12, μg/d | ||||||||||
| Current | 20 | 5.26 ± 0.289 | 2.70 | 3.60 | 4.80 | 6.30 | 8.30 | 6 μg | 2 ± 0.5 | ND |
| Model 1 | 4.61 ± 0.255 | 2.48 | 3.18 | 4.14 | 5.45 | 7.18 | 1.9 μg | 3 ± 0.6 | ND | |
| Model 2 | 4.62 ± 0.122 | 2.50 | 3.20 | 4.20 | 5.50 | 7.10 | 2.4 μg | 3 ± 0.5 | ND | |
| Folate, μg DFE/d | ||||||||||
| Current | 23 | 531 ± 10.6 | 317 | 395 | 501 | 632 | 783 | 400 μg | 9 ± 1.0 | 2 ± 0.8 |
| Model 1 | 465 ± 8.6 | 293 | 359 | 446 | 550 | 662 | 304 μg DFE | 14 ± 1.3 | <1 | |
| Model 2 | 483 ± 9.3 | 301 | 370 | 461 | 571 | 691 | 400 μg DFE | 12 ± 1.2 | <1 | |
| Calcium, mg/d | ||||||||||
| Current | 9 | 944 ± 21 | 544 | 693 | 892 | 1136 | 1408 | 1000 mg | 48 ± 1.9 | <1 |
| Model 1 | 934 ± 21 | 539 | 686 | 882 | 1123 | 1391 | 885 mg | 49 ± 1.9 | <1 | |
| Model 2 | 969 ± 21 | 552 | 706 | 913 | 1165 | 1449 | 1300 mg | 46 ± 1.9 | <1 | |
| Iron, mg/d | ||||||||||
| Current | 21 | 14.9 ± 0.27 | 9.20 | 11.3 | 14.1 | 17.6 | 21.5 | 18 mg | 5 ± — | <1 |
| Model 1 | 12.8 ± 0.18 | 8.30 | 10.0 | 12.3 | 15.0 | 17.9 | 6 mg | 7 ± — | <1 | |
| Model 2 | 14.9 ± 0.27 | 9.20 | 11.3 | 14.1 | 17.6 | 21.5 | 18 mg | 5 ± — | <1 | |
Data source: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2007–2008 (17); n = 7976. Potential DV scenarios: in model 1, the DV corresponds to the population-weighted EAR, and in model 2, the DV corresponds to the population-coverage RDA; in each scenario, levels of fortified nutrients were adjusted to maintain the current %DV. Usual mean intakes, usual percentiles of intake, and proportions below the EAR or above the UL were estimated from PC-SIDE (Department of Statistics, Iowa State University) with jackknife weights; covariates included day of recall and weekend/weekday day. AT, α-tocopherol; DFE, dietary folate equivalent; DV, Daily Value; EAR, Estimated Average Requirement; ND, not determinable; PC-SIDE, Software for Intake Distribution Estimation for the Windows Operating System; RAE, retinol activity equivalent; RE, retinol equivalent; UL, Tolerable Upper Intake Level; —, SEM not calculated.
Percentages of nutrients from fortified foods were estimated from nutrient intakes reported on day 1.
Values are means ± SEMs.
Values are percentages ± SEMs.
The UL for vitamin A was based on retinol; ULs for vitamin E and folate apply to synthetic forms; the UL for vitamin B-12 was not determinable due to a lack of data of adverse effects and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts.