TABLE 2.
Means and standard deviations, by recent paternal incarceration
| Variable | Recent paternal incarceration |
No recent paternal incarceration | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Both | Ever incarcerated | Never incarcerated | ||||||
| Dependent variables (5-year) | ||||||||
| TANF receipt | 0.20 | (0.41) | 0.11 | (0.32)*** | 0.19 | (0.41) | 0.07 | (0.25)*** |
| Food stamps receipt | 0.67 | (0.48) | 0.38 | (0.49)*** | 0.55 | (0.50)*** | 0.27 | (0.45)*** |
| Medicaid/SCHIP receipt | 0.76 | (0.43) | 0.54 | (0.50)*** | 0.70 | (0.46)* | 0.44 | (0.50)*** |
| Father's characteristics (prior to 3-year) | ||||||||
| Prior criminal justice involvement | 0.90 | (0.30) | 0.63 | (0.49)*** | --- | --- | 0.39 | (0.49)*** |
| Mother’s characteristics (3-year) | ||||||||
| Prior TANF receipt | 0.24 | (0.46) | 0.14 | (0.35)*** | 0.23 | (0.43) | 0.08 | (0.27)*** |
| Prior food stamps receipt | 0.58 | (0.50) | 0.36 | (0.49)*** | 0.55 | (0.50) | 0.25 | (0.44)*** |
| Prior Medicaid/SCHIP receipt | 0.75 | (0.45) | 0.57 | (0.50)*** | 0.75 | (0.43) | 0.46 | (0.50)*** |
| Material hardship index | 0.74 | (1.05) | 0.51 | (0.85)*** | 0.66 | (0.96) | 0.41 | (0.79)*** |
| Household income (logged) | 9.54 | (1.13) | 10.02 | (1.15)*** | 9.61 | (1.07) | 10.28 | (1.11) |
| Participation in formal labor market | 0.57 | (0.50) | 0.57 | (0.50) | 0.54 | (0.50) | 0.59 | (0.49) |
| Relationship with father | ||||||||
| Married | 0.12 | --- | 0.36 | --- | 0.15 | --- | 0.48 | --- |
| Cohabiting | 0.20 | --- | 0.20 | --- | 0.19 | --- | 0.21 | --- |
| Non-resident | 0.68 | --- | 0.44 | --- | 0.66 | --- | 0.31 | --- |
| Presence of a social father in household | 0.14 | (0.41) | 0.09 | (0.29)*** | 0.15 | (0.38) | 0.05 | (0.22)*** |
| Total children | 2.56 | (1.54) | 2.47 | (1.41) | 2.67 | (1.49) | 2.35 | (1.35)** |
| Drug use | 0.13 | (0.34) | 0.06 | (0.24)*** | 0.07 | (0.27)*** | 0.05 | (0.22)*** |
| Incarceration history | 0.05 | (0.22) | 0.02 | (0.13) | 0.03 | (0.18) | 0.01 | (0.09) |
| Mother's demographics (baseline) | ||||||||
| Age (in years) | 26.07 | (5.64) | 28.47 | (6.08)*** | 26.50 | (5.34) | 29.69 | (6.19)*** |
| Education | ||||||||
| Some HS or less | 0.41 | --- | 0.31 | --- | 0.41 | --- | 0.25 | --- |
| HS graduate or equivalent | 0.35 | --- | 0.31 | --- | 0.35 | --- | 0.28 | --- |
| Some college | 0.22 | --- | 0.26 | --- | 0.22 | --- | 0.28 | --- |
| College graduate | 0.01 | --- | 0.13 | --- | 0.02 | --- | 0.19 | --- |
| Race | ||||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 0.60 | --- | 0.47 | --- | 0.59 | --- | 0.39 | --- |
| White, non-Hispanic | 0.16 | --- | 0.23 | --- | 0.16 | --- | 0.27 | --- |
| Hispanic | 0.22 | --- | 0.27 | --- | 0.24 | --- | 0.29 | --- |
| Other | 0.03 | --- | 0.04 | --- | 0.02 | --- | 0.05 | --- |
| US citizen | 0.96 | (0.19) | 0.90 | (0.35)*** | 0.96 | (0.21) | 0.87 | (0.38)*** |
| N* | 435 | 3218 | 1218 | 1998 | ||||
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001
*
Because the descriptive statistics include imputed data, estimation samples for families with recent incarceration vary from 435 to 462 and for families without recent incarceration vary from 3218 to 3245 (both), 1218 to 1245 (ever incarcerated), and 1998 to 2003 (never incarcerated).