Table 1. CARDIA participant characteristics at study entry and at most recent follow-up (year 20 examination), by race.
| Exam Year | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Year 0 | Year 20 | |||
|
| ||||
| Characteristic | Whites | African-Americans | Whites | African-Americans |
|
| ||||
| Number | 2,478 | 2,637 | 1,898 | 1,651 |
| Mean age, years [range] | 25.4 [17 – 32] | 24.3 [17 – 35] | 45.6 [37 – 52] | 44.5 [37 – 54] |
| Female sex | 1,307 (53) | 1,480 (56) | 1009 (53) | 1005 (61) |
| Education, years ± SD | 14.6 ± 2.4 | 13.0 ± 1.8 | 15.8 ± 2.6 | 14.0 ± 2.2 |
| Clinic | ||||
| Birmingham, AL | 529 (21) | 649 (24) | 379 (20) | 440 (27) |
| Chicago, IL | 557 (22) | 552 (21) | 430 (23) | 363 (22) |
| Minneapolis, MN | 783 (32) | 619 (23) | 603 (32) | 322 (20) |
| Oakland, CA | 609 (25) | 817 (31) | 486 (26) | 526 (32) |
| Smokers | 554 (26) | 689 (33) | 274 (15) | 399 (25) |
| Former | 443 (18) | 233 (9) | 461 (25) | 218 (13) |
| Current | 662 (27) | 884 (34) | 276 (15) | 405 (25) |
| Alcohol consumption (mL/week) | 13.6±21.0 | 10.7 ± 22.7 | 12.4 ± 20.8 | 9.0 + 23.7 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.6 ± 4.1 109 ± 11 | 25.3 ± 5.7 | 27.9 ± 6.5 | 31.3 + 7.6 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 111 ± 11 | 113 ± 13 | 121 ± 16 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 68 ± 9 | 69 ± 10 | 70 ± 11 | 77 ± 12 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 176 ± 32 | 177 ± 35 | 187 ± 34 | 184 ±36 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 108 ± 30 | 110 ± 32 | 110 ± 31 | 110 ± 34 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 52 ± 13 | 54 ± 13 | 54 ± 17 | 54 ± 16 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 79 ± 57 | 67 ± 38 | 119 ± 88 | 98 ± 68 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 83 ± 12 | 82 ± 19 | 96 ± 22 | 100 ± 31 |
| Insulin (mg/dL) | 9.3 ± 6.4 | 12.3 ± 9.0 | 15.0 ± 10.1 | 18.4 ± 12.2 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.35 ± 1.37 | 5.14 ± 1.37 | 5.67 ± 1.43 | 5.80 ± 1.56 |
| Diabetes | 24 (1.0) | 25 (1.0) | 108 (6) | 167 (10) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 110.8 ± 17.9 | 130.6 ± 21.0 | 90.9 ± 19.3 | 104.7 ± 24.7 |
| Kidney stones by self-report or hospitalization | 27 (1.1) | 5 (0.2) | 140 (5.7) | 60 (2.3) |
| Common carotid IMT, mm | ND | 0.66 ± 0.11 | 0.71 ± 0.12 | |
| Bulb/Internal carotid IMT, mm | ND | 0.72 ± 0.18 | 0.74 ± 0.18 | |
| Carotid stenosis | ND | 319/1760* (18) | 263/1484* (18) | |
| Carotid stenosis and/or upper quartile of bulb/internal carotid IMT | ND | 546/1751* (32) | 5033/1458* (35) | |
ND = not determined.
Data are presented as number (%) or mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise indicated.
*
The number of participants available for each subclinical atherosclerosis outcome is given in the denominator.