Figure 1. Population structure of Caribbean and neighboring populations.

A) Areas in red indicate countries of origin of newly genotyped admixed population samples and blue circles indicate new Venezuelan (underlined) and other previously published Native American samples. B) Principal Component Analysis and C) ADMIXTURE [12] clustering analysis using the high-density dataset containing approximately 390 K autosomal SNP loci in common across admixed and reference panel populations. Unsupervised models assuming K = 3 and K = 8 ancestral clusters are shown. At K = 3, Caribbean admixed populations show extensive variation in continental ancestry proportions among and within groups. At K = 8, sub-continental components show differential proportions in recently admixed individuals. A Latino-specific European component accounts for the majority of the European ancestry among Caribbean Latinos and is exclusively shared with Iberian populations within Europe. Notably, this component is different from the two main gradients of ancestry differentiating southern from northern Europeans. Native Venezuelan components are present in higher proportions in admixed Colombians, Hondurans, and native Mayans.