2a) The southern USA succulent shrub Opuntia ficus-barbarica in abandoned grazed lands, Stylida, Greece, Mediterranean Basin; 2b) The Mediterranean basin region shrub, Spartium junceum in the Cape Region, South Africa; 2c) The central Eurasian tree Tamarix ramossissima, in coastal California; 2d) Two Australian shrub species, Hakea gibbosa and Acacia longifolia in the Cape Region, South Africa; 2e) The European spiny fabaceous shrub, Ulex europaeus in Chillán, Región del BioBio; and 2f) The east Asian tree Ailanthus altissima in central Greece, Mediterranean Basin. Each of these species have become naturalised in multiple Mediterranean-climate regions. Photo credits Margarita Arianoutsou 2a, 2f; Lesley Henderson 2b, 2d; Philip Rundel 2c; Jonathan Urrutia 2e.