Table 1.
Risk of glioma and meningioma with exposure to lead determined by an expert and a job exposure matrix by ALAD G177C (rs1800435) genotype in the NCI Brain Tumor Study
| Overall | ALAD1* | ALAD2* | P† | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLIOMA | ||||||||||
| Ever exposed to lead (Expert) | Cases (%) | Controls (%) | OR (95% CI) | Cases (%) | Controls (%) | OR (95% CI) | Cases (%) | Controls (%) | OR (95% CI) | |
| No | 196 (55) | 288 (57) | 1.0 | 169 (56) | 236 (56) | 1.0 | 27 (50) | 52 (62) | 1.0 | 0.2 |
| Yes | 157 (44) | 216 (43) | 0.8 (0.5,1.1) | 130 (43) | 183 (44) | 0.7 (0.5,1.0) | 27 (50) | 33 (39) | 1.1 (0.5,2.3) | |
| Unknown | 2 (1) | 1 (<1) | - | 2 (1) | 1 (<1) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | |
| Ever exposed to lead (JEM) | ||||||||||
| No | 253 (71) | 365 (72) | 1.0 | 214 (71) | 305 (73) | 1.0 | 39 (72) | 60 (71) | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 94 (26) | 136 (27) | 0.8 (0.6,1.1) | 80 (27) | 113 (27) | 0.9 (0.6,1.4) | 14 (26) | 23 (27) | 0.7 (0.3,1.6) | 0.8 |
| Unknown | 8 (2) | 4 (1) | - | 7 (2) | 2 (<1) | - | 1 (2) | 2 (2) | - | |
| Cumulative Lead Exposure (Expert) | ||||||||||
| Unexposed | 196 (55) | 288 (57) | 1.0 | 169 (56) | 236 (56) | 1.0 | 27 (50) | 52 (61) | 1.0 | 0.8 |
| ≤80th percentile | 77 (22) | 110 (22) | 0.8 (0.5,1.1) | 64 (21) | 93 (22) | 0.7 (0.5,1.1) | 13 (24) | 17 (20) | 1.1 (0.4,2.6) | |
| > 80th to 95th percentile | 48 (14) | 83 (16) | 0.6 (0.4,0.9) | 40 (13) | 70 (17) | 0.5 (0.3,0.9) | 8 (15) | 13 (15) | 0.7 (0.3,2.1) | |
| > 95th percentile | 21 (6) | 21 (4) | 1.0 (0.5,2.0) | 17 (6) | 18 (4) | 0.9 (0.4,1.9) | 4 (7) | 3 (4) | 1.8 (0.3,8.9) | |
| Unknown | 13 (4) | 3 (1) | - | 11 (4) | 3 (1) | - | 2 (4) | 0 (0) | - | |
| P-trend‡ | 0.1 | 0.09 | 0.9 | |||||||
| Cumulative Lead Exposure (JEM) | ||||||||||
| Unexposed | 253 (71) | 365 (72) | 1.0 | 214 (71) | 305 (73) | 1.0 | 39 (72) | 60 (71) | 1.0 | 0.8 |
| ≤80th percentile | 15 (4) | 31 (6) | 0.6 (0.3,1.2) | 14 (5) | 28 (7) | 0.6 (0.3,1.2) | 1 (2) | 3 (4) | 0.4 (0.04,4.6) | |
| > 80th to 95th percentile | 53 (15) | 78 (15) | 0.8 (0.5,1.2) | 45 (15) | 62 (15) | 0.9 (0.5,1.4) | 8 (15) | 16 (19) | 0.6 (0.2,1.7) | |
| > 95th percentile | 22 (6) | 26 (5) | 0.9 (0.5,1.7) | 18 (6) | 22 (5) | 0.9 (0.4,1.7) | 4 (7) | 4 (5) | 1.1 (0.3,4.9) | |
| Unknown | 12 (3) | 5 (1) | - | 10 (3) | 3 (1) | - | 2 (4) | 2 (2) | - | |
| P-trend‡ | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | |||||||
| MENINGIOMA | ||||||||||
| Ever exposed to lead (Expert) | ||||||||||
| No | 108 (72) | 288 (57) | 1.0 | 86 (74) | 236 (56) | 1.0 | 22 (63) | 52 (61) | 1.0 | 0.09 |
| Yes | 42 (28) | 216 (43) | 0.9 (0.5,1.5) | 29 (25) | 183 (44) | 0.8 (0.4,1.3) | 13 (37) | 33 (39) | 1.8 (0.7,4.8) | |
| Unknown | 1 (<1) | 1 (<1) | - | 1 (1) | 1 (<1) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | |
| Ever exposed to lead (JEM) | ||||||||||
| No | 123 (81) | 365 (72) | 1.0 | 95 (82) | 305 (73) | 1.0 | 28 (80) | 60 (71) | 1.0 | 0.9 |
| Yes | 26 (17) | 136 (27) | 0.9 (0.5,1.7) | 20 (17) | 113 (27) | 0.9 (0.5,1.7) | 6 (17) | 23 (27) | 1.0 (0.3,3.1) | |
| Unknown | 2 (1) | 4 (1) | - | 1 (1) | 2 (<1) | - | 1 (3) | 2 (2) | - | |
| Cumulative Lead Exposure (Expert) | ||||||||||
| Unexposed | 108 (72) | 288 (57) | 1.0 | 86 (74) | 236 (56) | 1.0 | 22 (63) | 52 (62) | 1.0 | 0.04 |
| ≤80th percentile | 17 (11) | 110 (22) | 0.7 (0.4,1.3) | 15 (13) | 93 (22) | 0.7 (0.4,1.4) | 2 (6) | 17 (20) | 0.5 (0.09,2.5) | |
| > 80th to 95th percentile | 15 (10) | 83 (16) | 1.0 (0.5,2.1) | 9 (8) | 70 (17) | 0.7 (0.3,1.8) | 6 (17) | 13 (15) | 2.4 (0.7,8.8) | |
| > 95th percentile | 8 (5) | 21 (4) | 2.7 (1.0,7.8) | 3 (3) | 18 (4) | 1.2 (0.3,4.8) | 5 (14) | 3 (4) | 13.2 (2.4,72.9) | |
| Unknown | 3 (2) | 3 (<1) | - | 3 (3) | 3 (1) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | |
| P-trend‡ | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.007 | |||||||
| Cumulative Lead Exposure (JEM) | ||||||||||
| Unexposed | 123 (81) | 365 (72) | 1.0 | 95 (82) | 305 (73) | 1.0 | 28 (80) | 60 (71) | 1.0 | 0.9 |
| ≤80th percentile | 5 (3) | 31 (6) | 0.6 (0.2,1.8) | 4 (3) | 28 (7) | 0.6 (0.2,2.0) | 1 (3) | 3 (4) | 1.1 (0.09,12.5) | |
| > 80th to 95th percentile | 16 (11) | 78 (15) | 1.1 (0.5,2.1) | 13 (11) | 62 (15) | 1.2 (0.6,2.5) | 3 (9) | 16 (19) | 0.7 (0.2,3.0) | |
| >95th percentile | 4 (3) | 26 (5) | 0.9 (0.3,2.8) | 3 (3) | 22 (5) | 0.8 (0.2,3.1) | 1 (3) | 4 (5) | 1.1 (0.1,12.0) | |
| Unknown | 3 (2) | 5 (1) | - | 1 (1) | 3 (1) | - | 2 (6) | 2 (2) | - | |
| P-trend‡ | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | |||||||
*
ALAD1 homozygotes: n(%) controls = 420 (83), n(%) glioma cases = 301 (85), n (%) meningioma cases = 116 (77); ALAD2 carriers: n(%) controls = 85 (17), n(%) glioma cases = 54 (15), n (%) meningioma cases = 35 (23)
†
P-value for effect modification of lead exposure by ALAD genotype
‡
Test for trend excluded Unknown category